FIRE PREVENTION
AND
PROTECTION RULES
To Be Observed By All Employees
"FIRES DESTROY JOBS"
Effective June 1, 1969
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Foreword This booklet has been prepared and is issued in the interests of fire prevention and protection as these matters relate to the employees and property of Penn Central. Careful observance of the rules and regu- lations contained herein will help materially in pre- venting fire and, should fire occur, they will aid in minimizing loss. Sound fire prevention and protec- tion practices will prove helpful both in safeguarding the lives and jobs of Company employees and in preserving Company property and service. Fire prevention and protection is everyone's job. It is the duty of every employee to know what constitutes a hazardous condition or operation. Once recognised, the situation must be corrected immediately or promptly reported for correction. Equally as impor- tant is the responsibility which every employee has to familiarize himself with the location, use and operation of the fire extinguishing equipment provided, and to report promptly any inoperative or defective equip- ment to his supervisor or to the proper department. Upon discovery of fire, employees must immediately summon the Municipal Fire Department, Company fire brigade or other available assistance by whatever method is designated—operating a City fire alarm box, a Company fire alarm box, telephoning the proper office, block station, etc. Next, until such assistance arrives, employees should endeavor to extinguish the fire by using available fire equipment and render all possible aid to fellow-employees who may be endan- gered by the fire. Issued by: ALBERT J. TUOHY Director of Security G. A. ROYCE Director—Insurance FRANK L. MANGANARO Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection SECTION I FIRE PREVENTION ACETYLENE is a highly flammable gas, slightly lighter than air, and is readily ignited or exploded by spark or flame. It is usually handled in portable steel cylinders under pressure; in some shop build- ings it may be distributed through fixed piping to various outlets. Cylinders, filled or empty, must be handled with extreme care and must be secured in an upright position to prevent falling while either in use or in storage. Rough handling, dropping or jarring can damage valves and safety devices, and may cause cylinders to explode; gauges and regula- tors are particularly susceptible to damage. Caps must be placed on cylinders when gauges and regu- lators are not attached. Cylinders must never be placed near open flames or sparks, furnaces, stoves, steam pipes or other sources of heat; they must be stored in cool, well ventilated buildings or sheds, remote from other buildings or combustible material. Only when absolutely necessary should cylinders of acetylene be stored in the same compartment with cylinders of other gases; under such circumstances, an open space of at least 10 ft. must separate the acetylene from the other gases. Signs reading "DANGER, KEEP LIGHTS AND FIRES AWAY--SMOKING PROHIBITED" must be prominently displayed on all storage buildings. Fixed acetylene piping and fittings must be of iron or steel only; where exposed to mechanical injury they must be protected by substantial guards. Piping must be adequately supported and maintained, and should be painted red. Transportation of acetylene cylinders is subject to the Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation and Penn Central General Notice 225. See current departmental instructions. (See CUTTING AND WELDING; CYLINDERS --COMPRESSED GASES OR LIQUIDS; FUEL OIL, GAS OR FLAMMABLE LIQUID PIPING AND DISTRIBUTION SYS- TEMS) ACIDS AND CORROSIVE LIQUIDS: Strong min- eral acids and other highly corrosive liquids can -1- react violently when mixed with organic material or other chemicals, with sufficient heat generated to cause fires. Nitric and sulphuric acid in contact with combustible material are especially dangerous. Transportation of these liquids is regulated by the D.O.T.; shipments require a "White Label". Par- ticular care must be used in handling, transferring or storing acids or corrosive liquids to avoid splashing. Storage should be on noncombustible floors in well ventilated areas free from combustible materials. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS: Fans should be placed in suitable enclosures of a fire-resistive material, with exposed opening protected by metal screens or gratings; enclosures must be inspected frequently and kept free of dust, dirt, etc. Ducts should be of metal, separated at least 6 in. from combustible material or adequately insulated with mineral wool or other approved noncombustible material; duct coverings or linings, if used, must be of noncombustible material. Ducts must be kept clean to prevent dangerous accumulations of dust and lint. Filters must be of a type which will not burn freely or emit large volumes of smoke or objectionable gases; they should be cleaned fre- quently. Materials, installation and maintenance should be in compliance with applicable standards and building codes. (See BLOWER AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS) ALCOHOL: See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS "APPROVED" APPLIANCES, ACCESSORIES & EQUIPMENT: Products which have been listed and/or labeled by a nationally recognized testing laboratory such as Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., the Factory Mutual Engineering Division and the American Gas Association Laboratories. ASHES must not be placed in wooden or cardboard receptacles, nor on or near wood floors, partitions, walls or other combustible materials. They must be -2- placed in suitable metal containers pending disposal, and accumulation kept to a minimum. Dumping of ashes, where permitted, must be done only at a safe distance, not less than 25 ft., from structures, stored materials, tracks or dry vegetation. Throwing ashes or other refuse from moving or standing trains, or from floating equipment in harbor, is prohibited. AUTOMOBILES: Garaging or parking of automobiles in shop buildings, piers, freight stations, warehouses, etc., is not permitted except where specifically ap- proved. Where indoor parking or garaging of auto- motive equipment is authorized, fuel tanks should not be completely filled during cold weather in order to prevent possible overflow caused by expansion of the fuel due to temperature differences. Adequate access to facilities must be maintained for fire appa- ratus in both indoor and outdoor parking areas. (See TRACTORS, FORK LIFT TRUCKS, ETC.) BATTERIES: Battery charging rooms must be well ventilated and used only for that purpose, preferably located in fire-resistive structures; where fire-resis- tive construction is not provided, floor must be non- combustible. Overcharging generates highly flam- mable hydrogen gas and is to be avoided. Smoking and use of open lights or flames is prohibited in bat- tery rooms; signs reading "DANGER, KEEP LIGHTS AND FIRES AWAY--SMOKING PROHIBITED" must be posted. Stored batteries must be kept in a dry place; care must be taken in storing to prevent short circuiting of terminals. BIRDS' NESTS should be removed from buildings or other structures. BLOWER AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS: Ducts of blower and exhaust systems for removal of flam- mable vapors, dusts or other wastes must be con- structed of noncombustible materials, adequately supported and vented directly to outside atmos- phere. They must be tight throughout; only those openings necessary for the required functions of the system are permitted. Combustible materials within -3- 6 in. of ducts shall be protected by noncombustible material, with a clearance of not less than 1 in. on all sides between such ducts and combustible, mate- rial. Ducts passing through fire stops or fire walls must be equipped with automatic dampers of not less than % in. steel plate; space around outside of ducts shall be packed with mineral wool or other noncombustible material. Fans and motors should be located so as to be readily accessible for inspection, maintenance and repairs; they must not be located in fire walls or fire partitions. Where flammable materials or vapors are being vented, fan blades and spider, or casing lining, must be of nonferrous material; all metal parts of fans and system must be electrically grounded. (See AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS) BOILER STACKS: See SMOKESTACKS BRIDGES, TRESTLES, ETC.: Grass and other vege- tation must be cleaned and grubbed from under bridges and trestles, and for at least 20 ft. beyond. Combustible material or flammable liquids must not be stored on or under unprotected steel or open deck bridges or timber trestles. Individual consideration should be given to special fire protection for bridges particularly important to operations; the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection should be consulted in such matters. In the absence of other adequate fire protection, and where practicable, bridges and trestles with open wood decks should have water barrels, with two pails in each, placed thereon. In such instances, suggested placements are as fol- lows: Length 50 to 100 ft. -- one barrel at one end Length 100 to 200 ft.-- one barrel at each end Length Over 200 ft. -- one barrel at each end, with additional barrels so spaced that travel dis- tance will not exceed 150 ft. (See WATER BARRELS, Section II of these Rules, for formula to lower freezing point of water) -4- BUILDINGS—ALTERATIONS OR CHANGE IN OCCUPANCY: The Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection should be notified when major alterations to existing buildings are to be made, or when major changes in operation or occupancy within existing buildings which might affect the fire hazard are contemplated. The Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection should also be consulted if adoption of new processes or change in operating procedures may increase fire hazards. BUILDINGS—NEW CONSTRUCTION: New build- ings must be constructed in conformity with appli- cable building codes. As early as practicable prior to actual construction, plans of proposed structures should be furnished to the Manager, Fire Preven- tion and Protection for review so that questions of fire protection can be resolved while construction is still in the planning stage. BUNK HOUSES AND DORMITORY FACILITIES OWNED OR LEASED: Facilities used for dormi- tory or sleeping purposes must comply with state or local codes and ordinances governing such occu- pancies; adequate exits, lighting and alarm systems must be provided. Plans for new bunk houses or rest facilities should be submitted to the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection prior to construction for review from the standpoint of fire protection and safety to life; similar action should be taken where an existing facility is to be remodeled for bunk room accommodations or where lease of quarters of out- side ownership is contemplated. Fires caused by smoking in bed often result in serious injury or death to the smoker, and can en- danger the lives of all persons in the building, not to mention resultant property loss. Smoking is ex- pressly prohibited in sleeping rooms or cubicles, and warning signs must be posted prominently. (See FIRE ESCAPES AND EMERGENCY EXITS) -5- BUTANE GAS: See LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES CABIN CAR HEATERS (OIL): Operating instruc- tions posted in each cabin car must be strictly fol- lowed. Factory set and sealed controls must not be tampered with. When a cabin car is to be vacated temporarily, control valve should be turned to the "Low" position to prevent possible overheating. Do not attempt to light heater if flooded. In refueling, extreme care should be taken to prevent spillage. If spillage does occur, fuller's earth or similar non- combustible absorbent should be applied immedi- ately. (See STOVES, HEATING) CAR HEATERS: Providing heat in freight cars and TrailVan trailers and vans has brought about exten- sive use of flammable liquids and compressed gases, in addition to the commonly used charcoal heaters. Only those type units authorized for use on the Penn Central are permitted. Where servicing of special- ized heaters received in interline service is per- mitted, it must be performed at designated inter- change points by specifically appointed personnel. All heating devices, including related power units and fuel supply storage tanks, must be in proper operating condition. They must be adequately se- cured whether in heating compartments or within the car or trailer body and the surrounding area" kept clear of all combustible waste matter and lading. Lading must be properly protected from spillage of liquid or solid fuels at all times. Particular care must be taken in the placement, removal and servicing of heating units. Regardless of the type heater being used, due pre- cautions must .be taken by personnel entering into what could be a low oxygen content atmosphere in which the heater is operating. Doors, hatches, etc. should be left open for at least a few minutes before entering to allow proper ventilating. If immediate entry must be made, self-contained breathing appa- ratus must be used. -6- Since refrigerating devices for cars and trailers often make use of similar flammable liquids or com- pressed gases, the same general precautions must be observed. (See CHARCOAL; GASOLINE; METHANOL; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ETC.) CHARCOAL in any form must be stored in clean, dry, well ventilated locations, segregated from other material. Charcoal in bags must be stored on skids or platforms and each tier separated by wooden strips to provide air circulation. Loose charcoal must not be allowed to accumulate. Slip-over bags should be applied to damaged bags in storage. Charcoal that has become wet is susceptible to spontaneous ignition and must be used immediately or destroyed promptly in a safe location; it must not be stored. CHIMNEY FLUES must be examined, cleaned thor- oughly, and repaired if necessary, each year before the heating season begins. (See SMOKESTACKS; STOVE & SMOKE PIPES) CLOTHES LOCKERS: See LOCKERS COATINGS, FIRE RETARDANT: See FIRE BETABD- ANT PAINTS & COATINGS CORROSIVE LIQUIDS: See ACIDS & CORROSIVE LIQUIDS COTTON: See PACKING MATERIALS AND FIBERS COTTON IN TRANSIT: When fire is discovered in a car of cotton in transit, every effort should be made to move the car to a point where fire fighting appa- ratus is available. Do not open car doors until fire apparatus is ready for service. Bales must be un- loaded immediately upon extinguishment of flames and separated from each other so as to prevent rekindled fires from communicating from one bale to another. Each bale must be carefully examined for smoldering fire. Bands on burning bales should not be broken in order to reach smoldering fire. Bales must not be left unattended until it is posi- tively determined that there is no likelihood of fire -7- rekindling, and fire extinguishing equipment such as small hose line or water casks and fire pails should be kept on hand for use by watchmen in event of further outbreak of fire. All burnt cotton in the ship- ment must be kept under observation in a safe place for not less than 10 days before forwarding; billing must be changed to "Burnt Cotton", and lading then forwarded as a dangerous commodity. See General Notice 225 and D.O.T. Regulations for Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Commodities. CUTTING AND WELDING: The use of cutting and welding torches, either gas or electric, is prohibited in grain elevators and other places where dust or flammable vapors may be present. Tanks or con- tainers which held flammable liquids must be com- pletely purged and gas free before cutting or weld- ing. Extreme care must be taken to prevent ignition of combustible material; where combustible material is present, it must be removed to a safe location or shielded with noncombustible material. Take special care to ensure that hot metal cannot enter a con- cealed space. Wet down the immediate area sur- rounding the material to be cut or welded, both before and after the work; keep suitable fire ex- tinguishment equipment readily available. Care should be used to avoid spraying sparks or molten slag when cutting; do not point the torch towards cylinders, hose or combustible material. Keep cylinders at least 10 ft. away from the work. Cutting and welding by any method must not be done in or on loaded freight cars or highway equip- ment unless it is certain that car, vehicle or lading will not be ignited. If a car or trailer contains com- bustible materials and there is any doubt about fire resulting from sparks or flame, cutting or welding must not be started without first removing lading to a safe distance from the work. Do not use cutting torches when making repairs to insulated Penn Central or similar foreign cars. Use of oxy-acetylene torches is prohibited on cars -8- or trailers placarded EXPLOSIVES, DANGEROUS, POISON GAS, FLAMMABLE POISON GAS, DANGEROUS--RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, DANGEROUS--EMPTY FLAMMABLE POISON GAS, DANGEROUS--EMPTY POISON GAS, or CAUTION-- RESIDUAL PHOSPHORUS or containing commodities requiring labels. This prohibition applies to non- placarded tank cars unless it is determined that the contents are not flammable or will not react ad- versely to heat. It also applies to "Empty" tank cars, which may contain flammable vapors even though previous lading was not of flash point below 80° See General Notice 225--Sections 74.594, 74.595 and 74.597. So far as is practicable, cutting or welding in buildings or on cars or highway equipment should not be undertaken later than one hour prior to change of tricks or work stoppage. A careful check of all areas must be made before closing time to detect any smoldering sparks or embers. Where a watchman is employed or a patrolman is on duty, he should be advised of locations where torches have been used, and should make special checks of such locations as frequently as conditions permit. Valves on cylinders must be kept closed and lines cleared when not in use. Regulators, burners and hose must be stored in the place designated; they must not be stored in work benches, closets or lockers used for other purposes. Places designated for storing must be amply ventilated. Caps must be replaced on cylinders when regulators and gauges are not attached. Regulators, valves, hose and burn- ers must be maintained in excellent condition; leaking or otherwise defective apparatus must not be used. See current departmental instructions. (SEE ACET- YLENE; CYLINDERS--COMPRESSED GASES OR LIQUIDS; OXYGEN) CYLINDERS--COMPRESSED GASES OR LIQ- UIDS: Many products are shipped and stored under pressure in cylinders designed and fabricated in -9- accordance with recognized codes. Specific instruc- tions covering certain products are contained in appropriate sections of this manual. Cylinders can rupture and rocket with disastrous consequences if severe fire exposure heats and softens the metal of the container; care must be exercised in the handling and storage of all such containers so as to avoid the exposure to or involve- ment in fire. Generally, the following practices must be fol- lowed: Valves, fusible plugs, piping, regulating equip- ment, etc., attached to the cylinder or forming a part of a fixed system must be maintained in proper condition and protected from mechanical damage. The protective hood or cap must be kept properly attached at all times when the cylinder is not in actual use. Cylinders should not be exposed to sources of heat. "No Smoking" regulations must be enforced in storage areas and areas where there may be a con- centration of vapors. Storage should be away from buildings and the cylinders themselves separated according to product. If storage is permitted inside a building, the quan- tity stored must be kept to an absolute minimum consistent with conditions and requirements; storage must be in a segregated area, well ventilated to the outside at either the ceiling or floor level, or both, depending on whether the vapor of the stored product is lighter or heavier than air. Cylinders containing acetylene must be kept upright. Storage of cylinders containing gases heavier than air in basement or other locations below grade is prohibited. In the event of fire involving a leaking cylinder, attempts should not be made to extinguish the flame itself unless the flow of vapor or liquid can be -10- stopped. Extinguishment efforts should be directed toward exposed combustibles and the cooling of cylinders, including the one that is afire. If the escaping vapor or liquid is not aflame, personnel should be evacuated toward the direction from which the wind is blowing. No attempt should be made to ignite the escaping product. Possible sources of igniton should be eliminated, particularly those in the direction to which the wind is blowing. DIESEL ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES: SEE LOCOMOTIVES DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE FUELING STATIONS: Spillage from fueling operations is not only wasteful but is a serious fire hazard; it is important that care be taken to avoid overflow of tanks and leakage from nozzles, hoses, piping, etc. Equipment and nozzles designed to prevent spillage must not be tampered with; malfunctions should be corrected only by qualified employees. Concrete drainage mats and oil separators are recommended to avoid dan- gerous accumulations of oil. Where concrete mats have not been provided, oil saturated earth and/or ballast should be replaced as conditions require; the use of stone ballast is preferable. Track must be insulated, bonded and grounded in accordance with current issue of General Notice 201. Smoking and use of open flame lights is prohibited in the vicinity. of fueling stations and signs reading "DANGER, KEEP LIGHTS AND FIRES AWAY--SMOKING PROHIBITED" must be conspicuously posted. Lighting and electrical in- stallations in the area must comply with the current National Electrical Code. (See FUEL OIL, GAS OR FLAMMABLE LIQUID PIPING AND DISTRIBUTION SYS- TEMS) DRIP PANS: Suitable metal drip pans should be placed to catch dripping oil and grease under ma- chinery, bearings, open oil drums, housed track cars and motor vehicles, and under tank cars at fuel oil unloading facilities. They should be cleaned out -11- frequently and kept free of dirt, rags and rubbish. Where drip pans are not practical, clean dry sand or noncombustible absorbent material should be used; sawdust or similar combustible material must not be used for this purpose. DUCTS: See RANGE HOODS & DUCTS ; AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS; BLOWER & EXHAUST SYSTEMS DUST: Most organic and metallic dusts are highly flammable. When in suspension and mixed with air in proper proportions they can explode violently. Dusts of all kinds must be treated as potentially hazardous, and dusty operations, such as grain ele- vators, woodworking shops, etc. require frequent collection and removal. Dust removal should include accumulations on ledges, joists, beams, etc., as well as easily accessible places. Extreme care must be taken to guard against fire hazards where dust is present, including use of soft push brooms and non- ferrous tools for cleaning purposes. Potential sources of ignition must be eliminated or properly safe- guarded. Dust must be removed periodically from air con- ditioning, hot air heating and ventilating systems. (See AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS; BLOWER AND EX- HAUST SYSTEMS) ELECTRIC EXTENSION CORDS: See EXTENSION CORDS, ELECTRIC ELECTRIC FUSES: See FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS (ELECTRIC) ELECTRIC HEATING & COOKING APPLI- ANCES: Portable cooking appliances (hot plates) must rest on a permanent stand of noncombustible material such as metal over 1/4 in. asbestos; adjacent wall surfaces, if combustible, must be protected with sheet metal over 1/4 in. asbestos, with 1 in. air space between shield and wall. Portable heaters should be used only for temporary or emergency use; they must be placed so as to not expose combustible -12- material or be subject to accidental upset. Appli- ances that require fuse capacity in excess of 15 amperes must be on a separate circuit with adequate conductors. Conveniently placed permanent recep- tacles should be provided for portable appliances; appliance cord should be of approved heater type, and must be disconnected at receptacle when appli- ance is not in use. ELECTRIC LIGHTS OR LAMPS: Fixed or portable extension lights subject to breakage or likely to come in contact with combustible material must be equipped with substantial wire guards. Attachment of paper or cardboard deflectors to lamps or sockets is prohibited. In locations where flammable volatile liquids are stored or used, or elsewhere where flam- mable vapors or dusts may be present, only those lighting fixtures approved for use in the particular hazardous location are permitted. Installation must conform with the provisions of the National Elec- trical Code. (See ELECTRIC WIRING, FIXTURES & APPARATUS) ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES: See LOCOMOTIVES ELECTRIC MOTORS, regardless of size or capacity, must be installed in accordance with the National Electrical Code and applicable local codes or ordi- nances. Continuous duty motors, 1 H.P. or over, must be equipped with automatic overload devices; motors requiring the use of fuses in excess of 15 amperes must be on a separate circuit with adequate conductors. Unless motors and control equipment are of a type especially approved for such locations, they should not be installed where they will be exposed to dampness, corrosive vapors or dust. Proper preventive maintenance on a regular sched- ule is essential. Motor defects most commonly caus- ing fire are oily or dusty windings, clogged venti- lating passages, overloading, hot bearings, sparking at commutators and slip rings, and loose electrical connections. -13- ELECTRIC WIRING, FIXTURES & APPARATUS must be installed and maintained only by an autho- rized electrician and in strict compliance with the current National Electrical Code or applicable State or local codes; copies of the National Electrical Code are obtainable from the Stationery Storekeeper. Tampering with electrical wiring or equipment by unauthorized persons is prohibited. Electric wiring and extension cords must not be supported by nails or other non-standard hangers. Drop cords where used must hang direct from outlets; knotting or use of nails or other means to shorten or change direc- tion of drop cords is prohibited. (See ELECTRIC LIGHTS OR LAMPS; EXTENSION CORDS, ELECTRIC) ETHER is a highly volatile flammable liquid and is extremely dangerous. Working supply should not exceed one pint; main supply should be kept to a minimum level consistent with need, and should be stored in a cool place away from direct sunlight. (See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS) EXITS, EMERGENCY: See FIRE ESCAPES AND EMER- GENCY EXITS EXTENSION CORDS, ELECTRIC: Extension cord must be of the type approved for its particular use, i.e., waterproof, heater cord, hard service cord, etc. Cords must be replaced promptly if worn or dam- aged. (See ELECTRIC WIRING, FIXTURES AND APPA- RATUS) FIRE DOORS are in use at many locations where fire walls separate important shop or warehouse areas. It is essential that fire doors and all appurtenances be kept' in good repair. They should be frequently tested to make certain that they will operate freely in event of fire. Guides and bearings should be kept properly lubricated; fusible links must not be painted or whitewashed. Material should not block doors to hinder operation; doors must not be wedged or fastened open, and must be closed at the end of each day's operation. -14- FIRE ESCAPES AND EMERGENCY EXITS must be kept free of material and readily accessible at all times. Periodic inspections should be made to ensure that they are clear and fit for use; any necessary repairs must be made promptly. Stairways, landings and hallways leading to exits must be well lighted. Exits must be indicated by conspicuous signs or, preferably, red lights; exit lights must be on at all times when buildings are occupied. Applicable codes or ordinances respecting size, location, accessibility and marking of exits must be followed. All doors must open in the direction of exit travel and must be equipped only with locks which can be released from inside without use of keys; panic hardware should be used where conditions warrant. FIRE RETARDANT PAINTS & COATINGS: Spe- cially formulated paints, when applied in accord- ance with manufacturers' directions, afford some degree of protection for combustible surfaces against fire. Only those fire retardant paints specifically ap- proved by the Vice President—Research and De- velopment should be used. Cold water paints and whitewash also possess limited fire retardant quali- ties. Mastic coatings, made of a binder with a noncombustible element such as sand or asbestos, can be used at selected exterior locations such as bridge decks, etc. See current departmental instruc- tions. FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS are commonly defined as those volatile liquids which vaporize readily and emit flammable vapors. Many hazardous liquids have flash points (the lowest temperature at which sufficient vapors are given off to form a flammable mixture with air) at ordinary room temperatures or below. The vapors emitted from a flammable liquid burn; the liquid itself does not burn. Vaporization increases with rises in temperature, and a flammable liquid at an elevated temperature is much more haz- ardous than the same liquid at a lower temperature. -15- Examples of common flammable volatile liquids with Flash Points below 80 °F: Acetone Gasoline Alcohol Lacquer Amyl Acetate (banana oil) Methanol Benzine Naphtha Crude Oil Rubber Cement Ether Snow Melting (Hydrocarbon) Oil (Other flammable liquids with flash points above 80° F and below 200° F include creosote oil, diesel fuel oil, kerosene, certain paints and varnishes, and turpentine.) Extreme care must be used in handling and storage of flammable volatile liquids. Gasoline or other flammable volatile liquids must not be used for cleaning; use of turpentine substitute or less hazar- dous solvents is permissible. Flammable liquids, with the exception of gasoline, may be kept in oil houses or paint storerooms in quantities not to exceed 100 gallons or 2 drums. (See GASOLINE) Bungs of such drums must be equipped with approved flame arresters and pressure vents. Only self-closing spigots are to be used for withdrawing the liquid. Supply not exceeding 300 gallons may be stored above ground, but must be a minimum distance of 50 ft. from important struc- tures; larger quantities must be at least 100 ft. from structures but preferably should be stored in an approved underground tank. Supply for local use should be restricted to an amount consistent with daily consumption and kept in approved safety cans. Flowing flammable liquids generate static electricity; adequate bonding and grounding of con- tainers is essential. Storage enclosures must be well ventilated and preferably of noncombustible material. Enclosures and storage areas must be conspicuously posted with signs reading "DANGER, KEEP LIGHTS AND FIRE AWAY--SMOKING PROHIBITED." -16- The loading, unloading and storage of these liq- uids in bulk is governed by the current issue of General Notice 201, "Regulations for Loading and Unloading Tank Cars Containing Flammable Liq- uids and Compressed Gases, and for Storage Facili- ties". Storage of these liquids is also usually subject to State Laws and local ordinances which must be complied with. See current issue of General Notice 201. (See ETHER; GASOLINE; LACQUER; METHANOL; PAINT & VARNISH; SNOW MELTING OIL) FLAMMABLE SOLIDS AND OXIDIZING MATE- RIALS: In addition to those commodities classed as "Explosives", many solid materials and chemical compounds can cause fires and explosions or con- tribute to fire severity. Flammable solids can cause fires through friction, absorption of moisture, spon- taneous chemical changes, or retained heat from manufacturing or processing. Some materials may be ignited readily and burn vigorously and per- sistently. Oxidizing agents, while they in themselves may not be flammable, yield oxygen readily and greatly increase the intensity of burning combusti- bles. Their use in railroad operations is limited, but should commodities of this nature (identifiable by D.O.T. Yellow Label) be encountered, the Mana- ger, Fire Prevention and Protection should be consulted regarding handling, storage, etc. (See CHARCOAL; LIME) FLOATING EQUIPMENT: Floating equipment which is out of service should be laid up as near to land fire protection facilities as circumstances will permit, with due consideration given to dispersal to avoid large conflagration. It should be checked fre- quently by a watchman or other employees. Doors and other openings should be secured to discourage trespassers. Fire and lifeboat drills must be held regularly as prescribed by law, and not less than monthly for each crew on tugs and steam lighters; defective or missing equipment must be reported and necessary -17- repair or replacement made promptly. Fire combat equipment other than extinguishers; i.e., hoses, mon- itors, nozzles, pumps, etc., on those tugs so equipped must be tested at least once monthly, weather con- ditions permitting. Dumping of ashes and refuse from boats in har- bor, except at authorized locations, is prohibited. Fires in stoves on barges to be left unattended must be completely extinguished before leaving. Com- bustible refuse, oil drippage, etc., must be kept cleaned up at all times. "Hot" repairs must not be made on oil-fueled equipment until properly cleaned and proven gas-free. Care must be taken to control emission of sparks from stacks, particularly when near shore property. Smoking while lying on bunks or while on grain barges, floating elevators, tugboats, around float bridges and piers, or at any other unauthorized place is prohibited. This rule must be rigidly en- forced. FLUES: See CHIMNEY FLUES; SMOKESTACKS; STOVE & SMOKEPIPES FORGES AND FURNACES (BLACKSMITH) must have metal hoods or shields and flues, kept in good repair, to carry off sparks and heat. Woodwork within 4 ft. must be protected by asbestos-backed sheet metal or not less than 1/4 in. asbestos board, supported to provide an air space of at least 1 inch. Portable furnaces must be of the nonpressure type and kept free of oil drippings. FORKLIFTS: See TRACTORS, FORK LIFT TRUCKS, ETC. FREIGHT HANDLING EQUIPMENT: See TRAC- TORS, FORK LIFT TRUCKS, ETC. FUEL OIL, GAS OR FLAMMABLE LIQUID PIP- ING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: Fires or explosions in piping systems are usually the result of accidental escape of liquid or gas caused by some fault in operation, maintenance or design. The fol- lowing general rules must be observed. Distribution -18- lines must be protected by substantial guards where exposed to damage from moving apparatus, heavy material, etc. Lines entering buildings must be pro- vided with readily accessible automatic or manual valves near points of entry to permit quick shutdown in event of line breakage or other emergency. Above- ground pipe lines must be grounded electrically and substantially supported against stresses from settle- ment, vibration, expansion and contraction. Above- ground piping should be color coded or otherwise made readily identifiable. All piping, whether above or below ground, must be adequately protected against external corrosion. Grass and other vege- tation must be cleared from aboveground piping for at least 4 ft. on either side of pipe. Long runs of underground mains should be located by adequate aboveground markers. Pipe line crossings under tracks or roadways must be installed in accordance with approved standards. FURNACES: See FORGES AND FURNACES; HEATING; STOVES, HEATING FUSEES AND TORPEDOES. The counter supply (open) must be limited to one original container; otherwise, supply must be kept in either a metal container or a metal-lined wood container, equipped with self-closing lid. Container must not be used for storage of any other material. Supply must be kept in a dry place, away from steam pipes or other sources of heat. Local supply (unopened) may not exceed 5 cartons at any one time unless stored in a vault or separate dry, well ventilated building so situated as to not expose important structures. Ap- plicable State Laws and local ordinances must be followed. Small supplies of fusees and torpedoes carried by trainmen or kept in stations, towers, yard buildings, etc., for flagging purposes must be properly safe- guarded and kept in standard containers provided for the purpose. They must not be left in clothing or stored in lockers, desks, etc. Broken, wet or oily -19- fusees and broken or defective torpedoes must not be carried, and must be returned for disposal. Such fusees must be destroyed by burning; torpedoes must be destroyed by immersing in water. Fusees and torpedoes must not be used for any unauthorized purpose. Fusees must not be ignited on any wooden bridge or trestle decks, or near frame structures or other combustibles, or in the vicinity of areas where fuel oil or flammable liquids are handled or stored, unless absolutely necessary to prevent train accident. Torpedoes must not be placed at stations, public crossings or other places where persons may be injured by them. FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS (ELECTRIC) having a capacity in excess of the rated current capacity of the smallest conductor in the circuit must not be used. Fuses of the refillable type are prohibited; cartridge enclosed and plug type fuses of the one-time type only are permitted; "jumping" or "bridging" is prohibited. When a fuse or circuit breaker is blown or tripped, the cause should be determined and eliminated before service is restored; if cause cannot be located, an authorized electrician should be called. Only approved equipment should be used. GASOLINE: The flash point of gasoline is -45° F. For all practical purposes vapors are thus being emitted constantly, sufficient to form a flammable mixture with air igniting at about 700 °F. Since a lighted cigarette at the surface of the burning to- bacco has a temperature of about 800° F, the fire and explosion hazard involved in handling gasoline is obvious. Gasoline in larger than one drum (50 gal.) quanti- ties generally must be stored in approved under- ground tanks and dispensed using only approved equipment. The use of portable or skid type tanks is permissible for gasoline storage only on a tem- porary basis when conditions warrant--never as a substitute for a permanent installation. Gasoline must never be stored in any building unless it is for -20- local use. Local supply should be limited to an amount consistent with daily consumption and kept in approved safety cans. Gasoline must not be used for cleaning purposes. (See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS) GASOLINE LIGHTS are prohibited. GRASS AND WEEDS: Premises adjacent to all rail- road structures and stored lumber, ties and other combustibles must be kept clear of dry grass, weeds or combustible refuse. Grass and underbrush of excessive growth should be cut for a distance of not less than 20 ft. from exposed property. Cut material should be piled at a safe location and disposed of promptly. Burning of grass and weeds along the right-of-way should be done only when wind conditions are favor- able; where a highway parallels the track burning should only be done when wind will not carry smoke across the highway, obscuring drivers' vision. All fires should be constantly supervised, and all fires and smoldering masses completely extinguished be- fore leaving the area. In certain areas, permits for burning may be required; they should be obtained before any fires are started. (See WEED BUBNERS AND WEED KILLEBS) HEATERS, CABIN CAR: See CABIN CAR HEATERS HEATING: Steam, hot water and hot air furnaces must be set on noncombustible floor construction, at least 24 in. from unprotected wood or wood-and- plaster partitions or walls; woodwork, partitions or combustibles within this distance of heaters must be protected with asbestos-backed metal shield of not less than 1/4 in. asbestos, with at least a 1 in. air space between shield and woodwork. Woodwork ex- posed by ducts from hot air heaters within 6 ft. of heater shall have a 6 in. clearance from duct or be protected as above. Horizontal ducts beyond 6 ft. shall have 1 in. or more clearance from combustible material. -21- Heaters with damaged firebox, improperly fitting or missing doors, or other hazardous defects must be removed from service until properly repaired. (See STOVES, HEATING; STEAM AND HOT WATER PIPES) HOODS: See RANGE HOODS AND DUCTS HOT JOURNALS: When a car is set out of a train on account of a hot journal and the sponging, pads or lubricating devices are smoldering or on fire, the crew must make a careful inspection of the underside of the flooring to determine that it has not been ignited and must extinguish all fire before proceed- ing with the train. The use of sand or dirt for extinguishing fires in journal boxes is prohibited. When water or a fire extinguisher is not available, the sponging or pads. must be pulled from the journal box and the fire extinguished on the ground. Journal box lid should be left open to facilitate cooling. HYDROGEN is a highly flammable gas, extremely light in density at ordinary temperatures. Hydrogen cylinders must be handled and stored with the same care as required for cylinders of other compressed gases or liquids. (See CYLINDERS--COMPRESSED GASES OR LIQUIDS) DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SHIP- PING LABELS: Many articles of commerce pos- sess dangerous characteristics that must be regulated during transportation in order to prevent personal injury, loss of life and damage to property. Rail- road freight cars, motor vehicles, trailers, vans, tank trucks, packages, cylinders, etc. have been marked or placarded in accordance with D.O.T. regulations and proper precautions must be taken. Employes shou'ld become familiar with all markings and placards. (See Current Issue of General Notice 225, Penn Central Hazardous Materials Regulations for com- plete details) -22- INCINERATORS (PORTABLE) must be kept in good condition to prevent escape of sparks or em- bers; they should be located as far as possible, but in no case less than 25 ft., from buildings, rolling equipment, material storage, etc. (See RUBBISH AND SWEEPINGS) INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS: See TRACTORS, FORK LIFT TRUCKS, ETC. LACQUER is a volatile flammable liquid, with a low flash point. Lacquering, whether done by spraying, hand brushing or dipping, is a hazardous process. Open flames or lights must be kept at least 25 ft. from work. Spray booths or enclosures must be types approved by the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection. (See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS) LAMPS: See ELECTRIC LIGHTS OR LAMPS; GASOLINE LAMPS LANTERNS AND OPEN FLAME LIGHTS: Use of open flame torches or lanterns for illumination in buildings or box cars, etc., is prohibited. Where oil lamps or other open flame lights are permitted for illumination, they must be secured to prevent falling or upsetting. Removing filling cap while lantern or torch is burning is prohibited; when filling the font, leave a space of not less than 1/2 in. at top. Shaking torch to extinguish flame is prohibited. LIFEBOAT DRILLS: See FLOATING EQUIPMENT LIGHTNING: Tall isolated structures such as smoke- stacks, flag poles, water tanks, etc., should be pro- vided with protection against lightning. All-steel tanks or stacks should be adequately grounded; structures not entirely of metal construction should be protected by approved lightning rod systems. Lead-in conductors from outdoor radio or tele- vision antennas must be equipped with lightning arresters, located outside building at point of entry of the lead-in. Metal masts, guy wires, etc., used to support antennas should be permanently grounded. -23- LIME (UNSLAKED) (quick-lime, caustic lime, cal- cium oxide), while not combustible of itself, devel- ops extreme heat on contact with water or moisture. It should be stored in a separate watertight building, preferably of noncombustible construction. Un- slaked lime should be loaded only into weather-tight cars, and must not be loaded if heated. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES: The most com- mon liquefied petroleum gases are propane and butane; many commercial trade names are used. Although liquefied petroleum gases are transported and stored as liquids, they are gases at normal pressures and temperatures, and remain in the liquid state only under suitable pressure. They are heavier than air and will remain in low places longer than most other flammable gases. In the gaseous state, their hazard is similar to that of natural or manufactured gas; in the liquid state the hazard is somewhat greater than for gasoline be- cause of the pressure at which they are stored. At 70° F, pressure of butane is 31 lbs. per sq. in.; of propane 124 lbs. per sq. in. General rules covering storage of cylinders apply to storage of liquefied petroleum gas containers. Storage of containers, loaded or empty, should be restricted to outside locations wherever possible. If necessary to keep containers in an enclosed space, ample ventilation at floor level must be provided. Under no circumstances shall containers be kept in basements or other locations below grade. If storage inside a building cannot be avoided, total gas capac- ity of loaded and empty containers shall not exceed either 375 pounds or 45 gallons water capacity (marked on containers). "No Smoking" regulations must be rigidly enforced. The Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection should be consulted concerning any proposed use of liquefied petroleum gases. See current issue of Gen- eral Notice 201 for handling and storage of bulk lots. (See CYLINDERS--COMPRESSED GASES OR LIQUIDS) -24- LOCKERS for clothing must be used for that purpose only. Storage of waste, lanterns, open torches, oil cans, fusees, torpedoes and non-essential clothing in lockers is prohibited. Where new lockers are pro- vided, they should be of metal, well ventilated, and with sloping top to prevent accumulation of dust and trash. Use of wooden lockers is to be avoided, but where in use, adequate ventilation is essential. Lockers should be inspected and cleaned periodic- ally as conditions require, LOCOMOTIVES both diesel and electric, have certain inherent fire hazards and sound fire prevention prac- tices in their use are a necessity. Continuous preventive maintenance is essential to avoid leaky or blown gaskets; defective oil pumps or lines; exhaust sparks; defective electrical controls, relays or circuit breakers; short circuited wiring, battery cables, generators or motors; overloaded wiring or motors; etc. Equally as important in the prevention of fires in locomotives are good house- keeping practices and cleanliness. This involves the constant removal of oily and other combustible deposits from within and the underside of the units. Waste and cleaning rags must be properly disposed of and not left lying around. It is the responsibility of all employees working on or around locomotives to thoroughly familiarize themselves in the operation of the portable and fixed fire extinguishing equipment provided. See SECTION II. (See DIESEL FUELING STATIONS) LUMBER AND TIES: Once established, a fire in stacked lumber is one of the most formidable con- fronting fire fighters. Lumber storage sites must be selected with close attention to fire protection facil- ities and exposures to other properties. Whenever practicable, lumber must be stored at least 100 ft. from the nearest building or other structure, and must not be placed where it will endanger tele- phone, signal or power lines. For small storage areas -25- not exceeding 5 stacks, the storage area and for not less than 6 ft. beyond in all directions must be kept clear of rubbish and vegetation; for larger storage yards, the cleared area will require greater distance, up to 50 feet. Normal height of piles should not be more than 20 ft., with a break of at least 50 ft. provided every 200 ft. for each row of piles. If lumber is piled more than one row deep, provide 25 ft. breaks between every 2 or 3 rows. These are general requirements; if more and larger breaks between piles and rows are possible, they should be made. In the absence of other adequate fire protection, water barrels with fire pails shall be placed every 100 feet. (See WATER BARRELS, SECTION II.) Refueling of gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas powered material handling equipment in lumber storage yards is prohibited; equipment must be re- fueled, and must be stored when not in use, at least 50 ft. from stored materials. Equipment must not be left unattended while running. Smoking or use of open flame lights, etc., in lumber storage areas_is prohibited. Treated and untreated lumber and ties should be stored in separate areas. MATCHES: Use of matches of other than the "strike on box" or "book" safety types should be discour- aged. Matches should be stored in a cool, dry place; keeping matches (other than working matches in trainmen's kits) in the same compartment as fuses and torpedoes is prohibited. METHANOL (Methyl Alcohol or Wood Alcohol) is a light, volatile flammable liquid with a flash point of 52° F. and is poisonous. Serious injury can result from swallowing, inhalation of vapor, or spilling on the skin. It involves a serious fire and explosion hazard, requiring caution in handling. Its vapor is heavier than air, making it essential that any area in which methanol is being handled be adequately ventilated at floor level. (See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS; CAB HEATERS) -26- NAPHTHA: See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS OXIDIZING MATERIALS: See FLAMMABLE SOLIDS & OXIDIZING MATERIALS OXYGEN is a colorless, odorless gas slightly heavier than air. It is neither combustible nor explosive, but the intensity of any ordinary fire increases as the supply of oxygen increases. Greases and oils, for example, burn in an atmosphere of oxygen with explosive violence. Oxygen cylinders require the same care in handl- ing as do other compressed gas cylinders. Under no circumstances will oil or grease be used on or around regulators, gauges and other fittings. Cylin- ders should be stored in cool, well ventilated sheds, remote from other structures and flammable mate- rial. Only when absolutely necessary should cylin- ders of oxygen be stored in the same compartment with cylinders of flammable gases, and under such circumstances, an open space of at least 10 ft. must separate the oxygen and other gases. Fixed piping for shop distribution must be pro- tected by substantial guards where exposed to me- chanical injury, and must be adequately supported and maintained. Such piping should be painted green. (See CUTTING AND WELDING; CYLINDERS--COM- PRESSED GASES OR LIQUIDS; FUEL OIL, GAS OR FLAM- MABLE LIQUID PIPING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS) PACKING MATERIALS AND FIBERS: Large quantities of binder twine, cotton, wool, jute, oakum, kapok, straw, hay, excelsior and other combustible fibers should be stored in detached warehouses or cut-off rooms, preferably of fire-resistive construc- tion and sprinklered. Broken bales and loose materi- al should be collected frequently and bagged or stored in containers. Electric lighting should be equipped with dust proof globes and wire guards. Smoking and use of open flame devices is pro- hibited in storage rooms. Use of gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas powered tractors in storage rooms or adjacent platforms is prohibited. -27- PAINT AND VARNISH: Main supply of paints, varnishes, lacquers and other flammable finishing materials should be stored in a separate structure, preferably of noncombustible material, not closer than 25 ft. from important facilities, or in an espe- cially provided room separated by standard fire walls. Working supply should be restricted to not more than one week's requirements; if kept in shops or rooms where other operations are going on, paint and varnish must be stored in suitable metal or metal-lined lockers and bins with self-closing doors or lids. Lockers or bins should be kept free from waste, wipers, drippings and empty or unused cans. Paint and varnish shall be kept in metal containers and lids replaced when not in use. (See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS; WASTE AND RAGS) PAINT DIPPING, SPRAYING: Dipping processes using open tanks of oil, lacquer, paint or other fin- ishing material should be done in well ventilated rooms, separated from other occupancies preferably by standard fire walls, and free of flame and spark producing devices. Smoking is prohibited. Dip tanks should be equipped with tight fitting, self-closing covers held open by fusible links exposed to under- side of covers. Large scale paint spraying operations should be provided with forced draft ventilation capable of clearing vapors from all sections. Lighting and heat- ing in paint shops must be in accordance with National Electrical and other Code requirements; portable extension lights are prohibited. Spray booths for small operations may be installed in rooms used for other purposes provided there is no exposure from flame or spark producing devices. Booths must be of suitable design, constructed of noncombustible material and equipped with explo- sion-proof ventilating fan exhausting direct to out- side atmosphere. PLANING MILLS. See DUST; SHAVING COLLECTOR SYSTEMS -28- PROPANE GAS: See LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS RAGS: See WASTE AND RAGS RANGE HOODS AND DUCTS: Cooking ranges used in restaurants and similar facilities must be provided with metal grease hoods and ventilating ducts to carry off smoke and gases. Hoods must be at least range size in width and not more than 7 ft. above the floors; ducts shall connect to independent flues venting to the outside. Hoods, vents, filters and exhaust fans must be inspected regularly and cleaned of accumulated grease and dirt. Ducts should be protected by self-closing dampers held open by fusible links. RECORDS must be stored in an orderly manner in file cabinets, cupboards or on shelves, preferably of noncombustible construction. Smoking in record rooms is prohibited. Use of portable extension lights and drop cords should be discouraged; where these must be used, lamps should be protected with wire guards. Record rooms should be checked periodically and all unneeded files, etc., removed. REPORTING FIRES: All fires involving or endanger- ing Railroad property, or allegedly originating on Railroad property and communicating to property of others, must be reported promptly to Region or Division headquarters. As promptly as is practi- cable thereafter, fire damage will be reported in writing to the Insurance Department on form I.D. 7. In event damage is likely to exceed $5,000., tele- phone or telegraph report must be made to the Insurance Department immediately. RUBBISH AND SWEEPINGS: Paper, shavings, sawdust, sweepings and other combustible trash must not be allowed to accumulate in and around buildings; they must be placed in metal receptacles provided for that purpose and safely disposed of daily. Waste or rags saturated with oil, paint, kero- sene, turpentine or linseed oil are particularly hazar- -29- dous since they are subject to spontaneous ignition, and must be disposed of promptly. Metal receptacles provided for accumulation of rubbish and trash prior to disposal should be equipped with self-closing lids. Where rubbish is disposed of by burning, metal incinerators must be used; rubbish must not be burned in stoves. (See INCINERATORS) RUBBISH CARS should be of all-steel construction and placed so as to not expose structures; wherever possible, they should be removed from the vicinity of structures at night and weekends. Ashes, oily rags, waste, discarded wet charcoal and other mate- rial subject to spontaneous ignition must not be put in rubbish cars. After loading, rubbish cars should be moved to dumps and unloaded promptly. Ground around rubbish cars should be kept free of debris; care should be taken not to overfill cars. SALAMANDER: See WARMING FIRES SAWDUST AND SHAVINGS: Small quantities of sawdust and shavings for packing material, etc., should be stored in metal-lined containers, equipped with lids, closed when not in use. Use of sawdust for absorption of spilled oil or flammable liquids on floors, etc., is prohibited; sand, fuller's earth or other noncombustible materials must be used for this purpose. SHAVING COLLECTOR SYSTEMS must be blown out to remove all sawdust, shavings, etc., from con- veyor pipes after woodworking machines have been shut down. Where shavings are discharged into a freight car, the delivery pipe must be removed at the close of the day's work and the car doors closed, and, where practicable, the car should be moved a safe distance from any structure. Only tight box cars should be used for this purpose. Shavings, sawdust, etc., in planing mills and woodworking shops not equipped with collector systems must be removed from buildings at the close of work each day. -30- SMOKESTACKS: Metal smokestacks must be of substantial construction, adequately supported and properly maintained. A minimum clearance of two and one-half stack diameters should be provided between combustible materials or construction and a low-heat stack (not over 600° F). Greater clear- ances are required for medium (600° F to 1,500° F) and high (over 1,500° F) heat stacks. Where metal smokestacks pass through a com- bustible roof, a metal ventilating thimble extending from at least 9 in. below the underside of the ceiling or roof beams to at least 9 in. above the roof must be provided between the roof and stack. The thimble should provide at least 6 in. clearance from a low- heat stack and 18 in. clearance from a medium or high-heat stack. In addition, high-heat stacks should be lined with fire brick. Low-heat stacks should be extended at least 2 ft. above the highest point of the roof; other stacks must extend at least 3 ft. above the highest point of any roof within 25 ft. thereof. (See CHIMNEY FLUES; STOVE & SMOKEPIPES) SMOKING: The fire hazard from smoking is caused solely by carelessness in handling and disposal of lighted matches and smoking material. Smoking is prohibited in the following locations: Battery rooms Lumber storage yards Computer machine rooms Record rooms and vaults Woodworking shops Waste paper collection and Storehouses baling rooms Storage or manifold areas Grain elevators for compressed gases or Flammable liquid liquids in cylinders storage points Piers and float bridges Diesel oil storage and Warehouses unloading facilities Sleeping quarters of bunkhouses On tugs, grain barges, or dormitories floating elevators Oil houses Engine rooms of diesel Paint shops locomotives and any other structures or areas where flammable vapors or excessive dust may be present. -31- "NO SMOKING" signs must be conspicuously posted about the above areas both inside and outside build- ings, and the rule rigidly enforced; employees should bring this rule to the attention of visitors to re- stricted locations. Within shops and other buildings listed above, certain approved places segregated from more haz- ardous areas may be designated as smoking areas. Smoking must be done only within these areas; lighted smoking material must not be carried from the approved area, and all matches and smoking material must be extinguished and deposited in receptacles provided for the purpose before em- ployees leave. SNOW MELTING (HYDROCARBON) OIL drums must be placed not less than 50 ft. from any build- ing, and must not be stored under trestles, overhead bridges or communications or power lines. Drums in use must be moved a safe distance from other stored drums. (See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS) STEAM AND HOT WATER PIPES: Low pressure steam and hot water pipes must be securely sup- ported with a clearance of at least 1 in. from all combustible material; where passing through com- bustible partitions, walls or floors, pipe must be protected by metal sleeve allowing Va in. air space between inside of sleeve and pipe. Openings in par- titions, walls and floors around pipes must be cov- ered with close fitting metal shields or collars. In locations such as record rooms or storerooms where exposed pipes may come in contact with combustible material, pipe must be covered with at least 1 in. of noncombustible insulating material. Steam and hot water pipes must not be used as racks for drying clothing and other combustible material. High pressure steam lines must be wrapped with noncombustible insulation; where lines pass through combustible partitions, walls and floors, insulation must be carried in a single piece through the open- -32- ing, with a clearance of at least 1 in. between insu- lation and combustible material. STEAM AND HOT WATER RADIATORS: Low pressure steam and hot water radiators must be at least 1 in. from combustible walls and partitions. Papers, files, clothing and other combustible mate- rial must not be placed on or in contact with radia- tors. Particular care should be taken to keep material from under and behind radiators STOVE & SMOKEPIPES must be securely fastened and supported. They should be as short as possible and the connection to the chimney must be tight. A minimum clearance of 18 in. should be provided between combustible materials or construction and pipes 6 to 8 in. diameter. For other sizes use clear- ance of two and one-half pipe diameters. Where absolutely necessary, pipes may be placed to within 9 in. of wood walls, partitions, etc. provided a shield made up of sheet metal or 1/4 in. asbestos board with at least 1 in. air space between the shield and any combustible material is installed. Pipes should not pass through closets, attics or other concealed spaces and where passing through combustible walls, par- titions, ceilings, etc. a metal ventilating thimble providing a clearance of two and one-half pipe dia- meters must be installed. Stove and smokepipes must be carefully examined, cleaned and repaired where necessary. Flue holes when not in use must be closed with tight fitting metal covers. (See SMOKESTACKS; CHIMNEY FLUES; STOVES, HEATING) STOVES, HEATING: Unless protected by proper shielding, coal and wood stoves must be set at least 3 ft. from wood or wood lath and plaster walls, or other combustible materials. Protective shielding must be of sheet metal, asbestos-backed, or 1/4 in. asbestos board supported so as to provide at least 1 in. of air space between shield and exposed wood- work, open top and bottom, bottom to be at least 2 in. above floor to provide air circulation. Where -33- shielding is required, stoves should be not less than 18 in. from exposed woodwork. Wherever practic- able, stoves should be located to avoid long runs of stove pipe. Combustible floor under coal and wood stoves equipped with ash pans and trays or with legs pro- viding at least 4 in. of air space underneath shall be covered with a sheet metal mat extending beyond stove at least 18 in. in front and 12 in. from sides and rear. Use of flammable liquids or fusees for starting fires in coal or wood stoves is prohibited. Only approved gas or oil burning stoves are permitted. Gas stoves, space heaters, domestic hot water heaters, etc. where mounted on combustible floors must be protected by metal mat underneath. Only rigid metal piping and connections to supply lines are to be used. Gas burning appliances should be used only with the type fuel for which designed. Carry-off or vent pipes to the outside must be provided. Stationary oil burning stoves must be installed in accordance with manufacturers' instructions; if same are not available, spacing requirements above for coal and wood stoves must be followed. Stoves must be securely set, preferably by securing them to floor; they should be so located that they will not be sub- ject to contact with moving objects. Only oil speci- fied by label on stove should be used. Stoves pro- vided with flue outlets must be vented to adequate chimneys or to outside. (See STOVE & SMOKEPIPES; CHIMNEY FLUES) Gasoline stoves are prohibited. Portable oil burning stoves (those not secured and which can be moved from one location to another) are prohibited except in emergencies. After stoves have been idle and before they are returned to service, they must be carefully examined, cleaned and repaired where necessary. Proper care and maintenance of stoves during the heating season is particularly important. Any deficiencies must be reported immediately for correction. -34- THAWING PRACTICES: The use of open flame torches, blow torches, fusees, burning waste, etc. for thawing out frozen pipes in or around buildings, rolling stock, or combustible material of any kind is prohibited; steam, hot water or approved electrical devices must be used under competent supervision. TORCHES: See LANTERNS AND OPEN FLAME LIGHTS TORPEDOES: See FUSEES AND TORPEDOES TRACTORS, FORK LIFT TRUCKS, ETC.: Use of industrial trucks and tractors with internal com- bustion engines is prohibited in locations where flammable vapors or excessive dust are present. Good maintenance is of utmost importance in re- ducing the likelihood of fire; equipment must not be used if there is fuel leakage, defective electrical equipment or faulty exhaust system. Refueling must be done outside buildings from an approved storage supply or from safety cans. Refueling when engine is running is prohibited; to avoid spillage, tanks should not be filled completely. "Protectoseal" fit- tings in good repair must be used on gasoline fill pipe openings Equipment must not be stored or repaired on piers, in warehouses, freight stations and similar facilities without prior approval from the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection as to fire safety. TRESPASSERS: Every year, considerable damage by fire to railroad structures and rolling stock is caused by unauthorized persons on the premises. It is the duty of every employee to prevent this damage and have all persons behaving suspiciously removed from the premises; where justified, railroad or municipal police should be summoned. Further actions which should be taken to protect the property: Where feasible, all unattended build- ings should be locked. Unoccupied buildings should be cleaned of refuse, light and power disconnected, doors and windows locked and boarded up if neces- sary. Doors of unattended passengers cars and work -35- equipment should be locked. Doors of empty box cars should be closed and latched. TRESTLES: See BRIDGES, TRESTLES, ETC. TURPENTINE: See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS TURPENTINE SUBSTITUTE: See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS VARNISH: See PAINT AND VARNISH VARNISH REMOVER: Only those compounds and brands which are non-flammable and non-explosive may be used. WARMING FIRES: Use of salamanders or other unapproved temporary devices for warming purposes inside buildings or in hazardous areas is prohibited. WASTE PAPER--COLLECTION AND BALING: Combustible receptacles, unless lined with metal, must not be used for waste paper. Where large amounts of waste paper are handled, metal or metal- lined receptacles with self-closing covers should be used. Bags and other light-weight containers may be used for collection of waste paper provided they are promptly emptied into storage bins or removed from building. At paper baling facilities, bales must be removed frequently to keep number on hand to a minimum. Oily rags and similar materials must be removed before baling to eliminate danger of spon- taneous ignition. Smoking in waste paper collection and baling rooms is prohibited. WASTE AND RAGS that have become saturated with oil, grease, paint, etc., are easily ignited and will ignite spontaneously under certain conditions. They must be deposited in a metal receptacle with self- closing lid, which must be emptied at the close of each day's work. Working supplies of clean waste should be stored in metal or metal-lined receptacles with hinged covers. -36- WEED BURNERS AND WEED KILLERS: Control of weeds and vegetation on railroad property and along the right of way is usually accomplished by burning or by spraying of chemical solutions. Burn- ing must be carefully controlled and supervised; means for extinguishment of fire must be on hand at all times and available for instant use. Some weed killing chemical solutions contain chlorate com- pounds, particularly sodium chlorate. These com- pounds are powerful oxidizing agents, readily re- leasing oxygen and greatly increasing the fire hazard when in contact with combustible materials. Clothing which has been saturated with these solutions is an extreme personal injury hazard and should be changed immediately. Employees working on weed spraying cars should familiarize themselves with the nature of the spray solution being used. During hot periods, many fires in dry grass and weeds have resulted from the use of chlorate solutions. Areas which have been sprayed should be watched care- fully, at least until the first following rain. (See FLAMMABLE SOLIDS & OXIDIZING MATERIALS) WOODWORKING SHOPS: See DUST; SHAVING COL- LECTION SYSTEMS -37- SECTION II FIRE PROTECTION -38- AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS must be maintained in operating condition at all times. They must be inspected periodically and an adequate testing program followed. Should it become neces- sary to shut down a system for more than several hours, the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection should be notified promptly by telegraph or tele- phone, stating cause and length of time to be out of service. Interested Municipal Fire Departments should also be advised. Local personnel should be familiar with the loca- tion and operation of sprinkler system equipment, particularly valves. Any contemplated structural change in a sprinklered building must be reported to the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection. Clearance above high-piled stock to sprinkler heads should not be less than 3 ft. to permit proper dis- tribution of water. Sprinkler heads must not be painted or whitewashed. Those parts of sprinkler systems which contain water must be protected from freezing. Attaching connections to automatic sprinkler systems for any purpose is prohibited. In event of operation as the result of fire, the sprinkler system must not be shut down until a direct order is given by the Company or Municipal Fire Department officer in command of the forces combating the fire. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS are a vital part of any fire protection system and must be maintained in oper- ating condition. Designated personnel should test the system at least once a week, and examine and operate each fire alarm box at least monthly. A record of these tests should be kept. Any defects found must be repaired immediately. Where fire alarm boxes are not readily visible, red electric lights shall be used to indicate location. Lists of alarm stations should be conspicuously posted. Any contemplated changes in alarm systems should be reported to the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection. -39- Locations of City fire alarm boxes on or near Company property must be known by all employees and must be promptly utilized to summon the City Fire Department in event of a fire emergency. Telephones can also be used to summon assistance in event of difficulty. Emergency telephone numbers of Municipal Fire Departments should be conspicu- ously posted. Automatic Fire Detection Systems embodying the rate-of-rise and/or predetermined (fixed) tem- perature principles are utilized at certain locations and are independent of the human element in de- tecting fire and transmitting alarms. These systems must be examined frequently and tested as required. FIRE BRIGADES are the means by which the value of the Company's fire extinguishing equipment is realized and are an extremely important part of any fire protection program. Even where public assist- ance is close at hand, a well trained brigade can render a valuable service pending arrival of outside aid. Fire brigades must be organized wherever condi- tions warrant and permit. Members must be care- fully selected, properly instructed and drilled in the use of the available fire extinguishing equipment. Drills must be held monthly unless more frequent drills are warranted and a record of these drills kept. In cases where more than one shift is operating, a brigade must be formed and drilled on each shift. Each fire brigade shall be under the supervision of a carefully selected Chief who will drill and instruct the brigade. FIRE DRILLS: See FIRE BRIGADES; FLOATING EQUIP- MENT, SECTION I FIRE EXTINGUISHERS (Portable) are hand- operated fire-fighting devices designed to control or extinguish small fires. Extinguishers of the proper type and in sufficient number to cope with the anticipated kind of fire should be provided and -40- properly located so as to permit prompt use. They must be maintained as required. Employees should familiarize themselves with the location and opera- tion of these units. Generally, when using an ex- tinguisher, direct nozzle at base of fire, moving it from side to side. Use of an extinguisher must be reported promptly to the proper person so that it can be serviced immediately. Various types are described below, each being effective on certain kinds of fires: Soda Acid: These extinguishers are effective on fires involving free-burning material, i.e., paper, wood, cloth, etc. They must not be used on electrical apparatus fires. Soda-acid type extinguishers must be discharged and recharged once a year, at which time the date of recharge must be recorded on tag attached to the extinguishers. These extinguishers must not be ex- posed to freezing temperatures. To operate: Carry extinguisher by the top handle to the fire. When 10 to 20 ft. from the fire, take the hose in one hand, turn the extinguisher upside down, and direct the stream at the base of the fire. Air Pressurized (Plain Water or Anti-Freeze Solu- tion): These extinguishers are effective on fires involving free-burning materials, i.e., paper, wood, cloth, etc. They must not be used on electrical appa- ratus fires. Annual recharge is not required; recharging is necessary only after use. Periodic checks should be made to see that the units are full and pressurized. They must be completely inspected annually; the pressure shown on the gauge and date of inspection must be recorded on tags attached to extinguishers. These extinguishers, if filled with plain water, are subject to freezing and must be placed only in heated areas; if unheated areas are to be protected, units filled with anti-freeze solution must be used. Those units containing plain water must be so identified by affixing "PROTECT FROM FREEZING" tags which are available from the Stationery Storekeeper. -41- To operate: Carry extinguisher by carrying han- dle to the fire. When 10 to 20 ft. from the fire, pull pin, take the hose in one hand, squeeze grip, and direct the stream at the base of the fire. Foam: These extinguishers are particularly effec- tive on fires involving flammable liquids, greases, etc. They may also be used on fires involving free- burning material. They must not be used on electri- cal apparatus fires. Foam type extinguishers must be discharged and recharged once a year, at which time the date of recharge must be recorded on tag attached to the extinguishers. These extinguishers must not be ex- posed to freezing temperatures. To operate: Carry extinguisher by the top handle to the fire. When 10 to 20 ft. from the fire take the hose in one hand and turn the extinguisher upside down. Direct stream in such a manner so as to per- mit the foam to blanket the burning surface. Carbon Tetrachloride: These extinguishers are for use on fires in electrical equipment. They may also be used on fires involving flammable liquids, greases, etc. They must only be used in locations with ample ventilation and where the operator has ready access to free atmosphere. They require no recharging unless used, but must be kept filled and inspected periodically to insure proper working condition. Protection from freezing is not required. To operate: Take extinguisher in one hand, grasp handle with other hand, turning handle around to unlock it; pull on handle, and pump, directing the stream at the base of the fire. Because of the toxic properties of the extinguish- ing agent, the use of carbon tetrachloride extinguish- ers should be discouraged. As replacements are required, other type units should be procured. Carbon Dioxide: These extinguishers are particu- larly effective on fires involving electrical apparatus. They may also be used on flammable liquid fires. -42- They are installed in electric locomotives, diesel locomotives and certain building areas. These extinguishers do not require annual recharg- ing but must be checked periodically to determine that they are fully charged. This is done by weigh- ing. Extinguishers in buildings must be weighed annually and those on locomotives quarterly, with record of weighing entered on tags attached to the extinguishers. This rule also applies to stationary cylinders of fire extinguishing systems in buildings and on locomotives. Cylinders showing a loss of 10% or more of the rated gas capacity stamped thereon must be recharged. It is important that wire seals on portable extinguishers are intact; if not, extin- guishers must be weighed and new seals applied. Cylinders, both fixed and portable, installed in rolling equipment must be forwarded to Altoona Works every five years for hydrostatic test. These extinguishers will not freeze. They should be kept out of direct rays of the sun and away from other sources of excessive heat. To operate portable units: Carry extinguisher by carrying handle to the fire. When in fire area, pull pin, take the horn in one hand, squeeze grip, and direct the discharge at the base of the fire, moving discharge horn from side to side. Applicable operating and maintenance instructions must be known and followed by those employees concerned with fixed CO2 extinguishing systems installed in locomotives and buildings. Dry Chemical: These extinguishers are particu- larly effective on fires involving flammable liquids, greases, etc. They can also be used on fires involving electrical equipment. There are two types of dry chemical extinguishers in use, the cartridge-operated type and the pressurized type. These extinguishers do not require annual recharg- ing but must be checked periodically to determine that they are fully charged. Depending on the type, this is done by visual inspection, weighing and checking pressure; those installed in buildings must -43- be checked annually and those on locomotives quar- terly, with record made on tags attached to the extinguishers. In the case of cartridge-operated extinguishers, the level of the dry chemical charge is checked visually, and the cartridge weighed to determine whether it is fully charged. In the case of pressurized extinguishers, weighing indicates whether the extinguisher is fully charged with dry chemical and examination of the pressure gauge indicates whether or not the extinguisher is properly pressurized. These extinguishers will not freeze. They should not be located where exposed to excessive heat. To operate: As there are different kinds of dry chemical extinguishers in service, operating instruc- tions on the units should be followed and employees should familiarize themselves with the particular units in their work area. FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT AND AP- PARATUS must always be maintained in service- able condition, properly located and kept free from obstructions. Use of this equipment for other than fire purposes is prohibited. Signs, markers or red electric lamps to designate its location should be posted or installed where conditions warrant. After using, fire apparatus must be immediately examined, cleaned, recharged, repaired if necessary, and re- turned to its proper place. (See REQUISITIONS) FIRE HOSE: Use of fire hose and accessories for purposes other than fire fighting and fire drills is prohibited. Access to fire hose must be kept unob- structed at all times. Rubber lined fire hose must be provided for out- side use and should also be used inside buildings where conditions warrant. This hose should be pres- sure tested annually in accordance with the follow- ing: (1) Where subjected to stationary fire pump pressures, test pressure shall be 150 lbs. (2) Hose used on mobile pumping engines must be tested to 250 lbs. pressure unless higher pressures are used, in -44- which case the test pressure should be not less than ten percent (10%) in excess of working pressure (3) Where hose is not subject to pump pressure, static line pressure tests are sufficient, using a closed nozzle. After test or use at fires, drills, etc., hose must be cleaned by washing and brushing, hung in a suitable place to drain and dry, and then returned to its proper place. It is desirable to avoid exposing this type hose to excessively hot, dry air. Unlined linen hose is generally provided for use in office buildings and stations. Wetting tends to damage unlined linen hose; it must never be wet except during fire service or test. This type hose must be carefully examined once a year and cleaned of dust, etc. To prevent damage from permanent set, hose must be rearranged annually. This hose should be tested only if there is visual evidence of deteriora- tion, and then it should be tested to 10% in excess of the pressure to which it will be subjected in actual use. After wetting, the hose must be thor- oughly dried to prevent deterioration. FIRE HOSE COUPLINGS must be interchangeable with couplings used by the nearest Municipal Fire Department, or a sufficient number of suitable adapters provided. Careful handling of fire hose is a necessity if damage to the coupling thread is to be avoided. Couplings must be inspected periodi- cally; when defects are found immediate repair or replacement must be made. They must not be oiled, as contact with oil is likely to result in damage to hose. FIRE HOSE HOUSES, HOSE BOXES, ETC. must be properly maintained and kept adequately stocked. They must be kept clean and amply ventilated to prevent dry rot of fire hose. Their use for storage of other than fire equipment is prohibited and they shall be kept accessible at all times. They should be clearly marked "FIRE HOSE". FIRE HYDRANTS must be carefully examined, tested and lubricated at least twice a year, prefera- -45- biy in the spring and fall. When testing a fire hy- drant, open the valve wide to make sure that the waterway is not obstructed, that the drain valve has closed, and that the pressure is normal. The valve should then be closed and check made that the hy- drant has drained properly. This can be done by: (1) dropping a weighted cord into the barrel; (2) "sounding" or striking the hand over one of the open outlets (water or ice in the barrel shortens the length of the "organ tube" and raises the pitch of the sound); or (3) checking the suction which should be felt at the outlets immediately after the valve is closed if the drain is working properly. Fire hydrants must be examined frequently dur- ing the winter to determine that they are free of water or ice. They must not be used during winter months except in event of fire. Thread on outlets must be the same as that used by the nearest municipality; if not, adapters must be provided. Hydrants are easily damaged; use of other than hydrant wrenches to open them is prohibited. Where hydrants are subject to mechanical injury adequate protective barricades must be provided. Access to hydrants must be maintained unob- structed at all times. Hydrant areas must be kept free of high vegetation during warm weather and ice and snow during winter months. FIRE MARSHAL (sic) must be familiar with all phases of fire prevention and protection. Among the duties of the fire marshal are: periodic inspections of the property, arranging for prompt correction of de- ficiencies noted; maintenance of and improvement in fire protection equipment; knowledge of all exist- ing facilities -and operations in his area and any contemplated changes which might result in addi- tional hazards; formation, drill and instruction of fire brigades where conditions warrant; instruction and education of all employees in pertinent matters; co-ordination of Company and Municipal fire pre- vention and protection activities; investigation of fires as soon as practicable after their occurrence -46- and the subsequent preparation of the required reports to superior officers. FIRE PAILS (Water) should be of galvanized iron with round bottoms, of a capacity not less than twelve quarts, painted bright red outside and sten- cilled in black "FOR FIRE ONLY". Where contents are likely to freeze, calcium chloride or salt, thoroughly dissolved in the water in the proportion of 3 pounds to each gallon of water, will lower the freezing point to about 0° F. FIRE PUMPS: Before installalion, the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection should be consulted regarding the required pump capacity, operating pressure, and installation details to meet local con- ditions. Once installed, any contemplated changes must be referred to the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection for review. Fire pumps must be maintained in good repair and subjected to an operating test at least once weekly. Defects must be reported promptly and repairs made immediately. Personnel trained in the operation of the fire pumps must be available at all times. FOAM SYSTEMS: Selected large flammable liquid storage tanks and associated facilities are protected by foam systems. Proposed new installations and contemplated changes to existing foam systems must be referred to the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection for review. Selected employees must be trained and assigned the responsibility of operating and maintaining this equipment. Periodic inspections and tests must be made, with frequency of same dependent upon local conditions. Checks must be made of the water sup- ply, strainers, piping, valves, foam making devices, pumps, foam chemicals and containers, hydrants and hose installations. It is imperative that the entire system be thoroughly flushed after use. Only the foam compound for which a specific system was designed should be used in that system. -47- HOSE CART AND EQUIPMENT shall be provided where conditions warrant. They must at all times be well-maintained and fully equipped, including noz- zles, hydrant wrenches, spanners, extra gaskets, etc. The quantity of hose carried will depend on local requirements. Hose carts should be conveniently located for free access and adequately protected from the weather. (See FIRE HOSE) LIFEBOAT DRILLS: See FLOATING EQUIPMENT, Sec- tion I NOZZLES must be checked periodically to insure their proper operation. Nozzles with defective threads, bent or broken tips, missing gaskets or other defects must be repaired or replaced immedi- ately. Defective nozzles impair the reach and effectiveness of the fire stream and must not be used. Generally, straight stream nozzles are utilized. Specific application of fog and combination straight stream and fog nozzles will be made where condi- tions warrant. REQUISITIONS for fire equipment will be forwarded through the Material Management Department to the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection for approval and determination that the material or- dered is suitable for the hazard to be protected. SAND PAILS are to be kept filled with clean, dry sand and should be installed where oil supplies or acids are handled or stored. WATCHMAN'S CLOCKS must be kept in good re- pair. Dials shall be removed as required, checked for irregularities in service, and kept available for examination. Dials need not be kept longer than one year unless of special significance. The date each dial is used and cause of any irregularity must be noted on back. WATCHMEN must be trustworthy and able-bodied, with unimpaired eyesight, hearing and sense of smell. They must know the location and how to operate fire alarm boxes and fire extinguishing appa- -48- ratus. They must report to a designated superior any condition which might prevent or interfere with the operation of the fire apparatus. Other conditions relative to fire hazards must also be reported. The first tour of the premises should be made immedi- ately after the close of the day's work. It is the duty of watchmen to see that doors and windows are closed and lights and fires are extinguished or left in a safe condition. Watchmen must summon assist- ance immediately upon discovery of fire and then attempt to extinguish the fire. It is the duty of watchmen to direct fire fighters to the scene of the fire. Watchmen must remain on duty until properly relieved. Where watchman service is not central station supervised, the watchman should be made to report at scheduled intervals to some office regularly attended to insure that he is well and on duty. WATER BARRELS must be kept filled, with two fire pails provided for each barrel. Painting the barrels or casks or applying a coat of asphaltum, especially on inside, will prolong service. Calcium chloride or salt, thoroughly mixed in the following proportions, will lower the freezing point of water as shown: Pounds per Gallon Freezing Point -- Deg. F. of water Calcium Chloride Salt 2.5 10 0 3.0 0 -3 3.5 -10 4.0 -17 WATER MAINS (Fire Protection): Proposed new installations of water mains for fire protection and contemplated changes to existing systems must be referred to the Manager, Fire Prevention and Pro- tection for review. Detailed up-to-date plans of these systems should be maintained. Selected employees should be kept informed, particularly as to valve locations, so there will be no delay in event of emergency. Any defects in fire mains must be immediately corrected. -49-