Foreword

This booklet has been prepared and is issued in the
interests of fire prevention and protection as these
matters relate to the employees and property of Penn
Central. Careful observance of the rules and regu-
lations contained herein will help materially in pre-
venting fire and, should fire occur, they will aid in
minimizing loss. Sound fire prevention and protec-
tion practices will prove helpful both in safeguarding
the lives and jobs of Company employees and in
preserving Company property and service.

Fire prevention and protection is everyone's job. It
is the duty of every employee to know what constitutes
a hazardous condition or operation. Once recognised,
the situation must be corrected immediately or
promptly reported for correction. Equally as impor-
tant is the responsibility which every employee has to
familiarize himself with the location, use and operation
of the fire extinguishing equipment provided, and to
report promptly any inoperative or defective equip-
ment to his supervisor or to the proper department.

Upon discovery of fire, employees must immediately
summon the Municipal Fire Department, Company
fire brigade or other available assistance by whatever
method is designated—operating a City fire alarm box,
a Company fire alarm box, telephoning the proper
office, block station, etc. Next, until such assistance
arrives, employees should endeavor to extinguish the
fire by using available fire equipment and render all
possible aid to fellow-employees who may be endan-
gered by the fire.

Issued by:

ALBERT J. TUOHY
Director of Security

G. A. ROYCE
Director—Insurance

FRANK L. MANGANARO
Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection


                SECTION I
                FIRE PREVENTION


ACETYLENE is a highly flammable gas, slightly
lighter than air, and is readily ignited or exploded
by spark or flame. It is usually handled in portable
steel cylinders under pressure; in some shop build-
ings it may be distributed through fixed piping to
various outlets. Cylinders, filled or empty, must be
handled with extreme care and must be secured in
an upright position to prevent falling while either
in use or in storage. Rough handling, dropping or
jarring can damage valves and safety devices, and
may cause cylinders to explode; gauges and regula-
tors are particularly susceptible to damage. Caps
must be placed on cylinders when gauges and regu-
lators are not attached. Cylinders must never be
placed near open flames or sparks, furnaces, stoves,
steam pipes or other sources of heat; they must be
stored in cool, well ventilated buildings or sheds,
remote from other buildings or combustible material.
Only when absolutely necessary should cylinders of
acetylene be stored in the same compartment with
cylinders of other gases; under such circumstances,
an open space of at least 10 ft. must separate the
acetylene from the other gases. Signs reading

"DANGER, KEEP LIGHTS AND FIRES AWAY--SMOKING
PROHIBITED" must be prominently displayed on all
storage buildings.

Fixed acetylene piping and fittings must be of iron
or steel only; where exposed to mechanical injury
they must be protected by substantial guards. Piping
must be adequately supported and maintained, and
should be painted red.

Transportation of acetylene cylinders is subject
to the Hazardous Materials Regulations of the
Department of Transportation and Penn Central
General Notice 225. See current departmental
instructions. (See CUTTING AND WELDING; CYLINDERS
--COMPRESSED GASES OR LIQUIDS; FUEL OIL, GAS OR
FLAMMABLE LIQUID PIPING AND DISTRIBUTION SYS-
TEMS)

ACIDS AND CORROSIVE LIQUIDS: Strong min-
eral acids and other highly corrosive liquids can

-1-

react violently when mixed with organic material
or other chemicals, with sufficient heat generated to
cause fires. Nitric and sulphuric acid in contact
with combustible material are especially dangerous.
Transportation of these liquids is regulated by the
D.O.T.; shipments require a "White Label". Par-
ticular care must be used in handling, transferring
or storing acids or corrosive liquids to avoid
splashing. Storage should be on noncombustible
floors in well ventilated areas free from combustible
materials.

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS: Fans should be
placed in suitable enclosures of a fire-resistive
material, with exposed opening protected by metal
screens or gratings; enclosures must be inspected
frequently and kept free of dust, dirt, etc. Ducts
should be of metal, separated at least 6 in. from
combustible material or adequately insulated with
mineral wool or other approved noncombustible
material; duct coverings or linings, if used, must be
of noncombustible material. Ducts must be kept
clean to prevent dangerous accumulations of dust
and lint. Filters must be of a type which will not
burn freely or emit large volumes of smoke or
objectionable gases; they should be cleaned fre-
quently. Materials, installation and maintenance
should be in compliance with applicable standards
and building codes. (See BLOWER AND EXHAUST
SYSTEMS)

ALCOHOL: See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

"APPROVED" APPLIANCES, ACCESSORIES &
EQUIPMENT: Products which have been listed
and/or labeled by a nationally recognized testing
laboratory such as Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.,
the Factory Mutual Engineering Division and the
American Gas Association Laboratories.

ASHES must not be placed in wooden or cardboard
receptacles, nor on or near wood floors, partitions,
walls or other combustible materials. They must be

-2-

placed in suitable metal containers pending disposal,
and accumulation kept to a minimum. Dumping of
ashes, where permitted, must be done only at a safe
distance, not less than 25 ft., from structures, stored
materials, tracks or dry vegetation. Throwing ashes
or other refuse from moving or standing trains, or
from floating equipment in harbor, is prohibited.

AUTOMOBILES: Garaging or parking of automobiles
in shop buildings, piers, freight stations, warehouses,
etc., is not permitted except where specifically ap-
proved. Where indoor parking or garaging of auto-
motive equipment is authorized, fuel tanks should
not be completely filled during cold weather in order
to prevent possible overflow caused by expansion of
the fuel due to temperature differences. Adequate
access to facilities must be maintained for fire appa-
ratus in both indoor and outdoor parking areas. (See
TRACTORS, FORK LIFT TRUCKS, ETC.)

BATTERIES: Battery charging rooms must be well
ventilated and used only for that purpose, preferably
located in fire-resistive structures; where fire-resis-
tive construction is not provided, floor must be non-
combustible. Overcharging generates highly flam-
mable hydrogen gas and is to be avoided. Smoking
and use of open lights or flames is prohibited in bat-
tery rooms; signs reading "DANGER, KEEP LIGHTS AND
FIRES AWAY--SMOKING PROHIBITED" must be posted.

Stored batteries must be kept in a dry place; care
must be taken in storing to prevent short circuiting
of terminals.

BIRDS' NESTS should be removed from buildings
or other structures.

BLOWER AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS: Ducts of
blower and exhaust systems for removal of flam-
mable vapors, dusts or other wastes must be con-
structed of noncombustible materials, adequately
supported and vented directly to outside atmos-
phere. They must be tight throughout; only those
openings necessary for the required functions of the
system are permitted. Combustible materials within

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6 in. of ducts shall be protected by noncombustible
material, with a clearance of not less than 1 in. on
all sides between such ducts and combustible, mate-
rial. Ducts passing through fire stops or fire walls
must be equipped with automatic dampers of not
less than % in. steel plate; space around outside of
ducts shall be packed with mineral wool or other
noncombustible material.

Fans and motors should be located so as to be
readily accessible for inspection, maintenance and
repairs; they must not be located in fire walls or
fire partitions. Where flammable materials or vapors
are being vented, fan blades and spider, or casing
lining, must be of nonferrous material; all metal
parts of fans and system must be electrically
grounded. (See AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS)

BOILER STACKS: See SMOKESTACKS

BRIDGES, TRESTLES, ETC.: Grass and other vege-
tation must be cleaned and grubbed from under
bridges and trestles, and for at least 20 ft. beyond.
Combustible material or flammable liquids must not
be stored on or under unprotected steel or open deck
bridges or timber trestles. Individual consideration
should be given to special fire protection for bridges
particularly important to operations; the Manager,
Fire Prevention and Protection should be consulted
in such matters. In the absence of other adequate
fire protection, and where practicable, bridges and
trestles with open wood decks should have water
barrels, with two pails in each, placed thereon. In
such instances, suggested placements are as fol-
lows:

Length 50 to 100 ft. -- one barrel at one end
Length 100 to 200 ft.-- one barrel at each end
Length Over 200 ft.  -- one barrel at each end,
                        with additional barrels so
                        spaced that travel dis-
                        tance will not exceed 150
                        ft.

(See WATER BARRELS, Section II of these Rules, for
formula to lower freezing point of water)

-4-

BUILDINGS—ALTERATIONS OR CHANGE IN
OCCUPANCY: The Manager, Fire Prevention and
Protection should be notified when major alterations
to existing buildings are to be made, or when major
changes in operation or occupancy within existing
buildings which might affect the fire hazard are
contemplated. The Manager, Fire Prevention and
Protection should also be consulted if adoption of
new processes or change in operating procedures
may increase fire hazards.

BUILDINGS—NEW CONSTRUCTION: New build-
ings must be constructed in conformity with appli-
cable building codes. As early as practicable prior
to actual construction, plans of proposed structures
should be furnished to the Manager, Fire Preven-
tion and Protection for review so that questions of
fire protection can be resolved while construction is
still in the planning stage.

BUNK HOUSES AND DORMITORY FACILITIES
OWNED OR LEASED: Facilities used for dormi-
tory or sleeping purposes must comply with state or
local codes and ordinances governing such occu-
pancies; adequate exits, lighting and alarm systems
must be provided. Plans for new bunk houses or rest
facilities should be submitted to the Manager, Fire
Prevention and Protection prior to construction for
review from the standpoint of fire protection and
safety to life; similar action should be taken where
an existing facility is to be remodeled for bunk room
accommodations or where lease of quarters of out-
side ownership is contemplated.

Fires caused by smoking in bed often result in
serious injury or death to the smoker, and can en-
danger the lives of all persons in the building, not to
mention resultant property loss. Smoking is ex-
pressly prohibited in sleeping rooms or cubicles,
and warning signs must be posted prominently. (See
FIRE ESCAPES AND EMERGENCY EXITS)

-5-

BUTANE GAS: See LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES

CABIN CAR HEATERS (OIL): Operating instruc-
tions posted in each cabin car must be strictly fol-
lowed. Factory set and sealed controls must not be
tampered with. When a cabin car is to be vacated
temporarily, control valve should be turned to the
"Low" position to prevent possible overheating. Do
not attempt to light heater if flooded. In refueling,
extreme care should be taken to prevent spillage.
If spillage does occur, fuller's earth or similar non-
combustible absorbent should be applied immedi-
ately. (See STOVES, HEATING)

CAR HEATERS: Providing heat in freight cars and
TrailVan trailers and vans has brought about exten-
sive use of flammable liquids and compressed gases,
in addition to the commonly used charcoal heaters.
Only those type units authorized for use on the Penn
Central are permitted. Where servicing of special-
ized heaters received in interline service is per-
mitted, it must be performed at designated inter-
change points by specifically appointed personnel.

All heating devices, including related power units
and fuel supply storage tanks, must be in proper
operating condition. They must be adequately se-
cured whether in heating compartments or within
the car or trailer body and the surrounding area" kept
clear of all combustible waste matter and lading.
Lading must be properly protected from spillage of
liquid or solid fuels at all times. Particular care must
be taken in the placement, removal and servicing of
heating units.

Regardless of the type heater being used, due pre-
cautions must .be taken by personnel entering into
what could be a low oxygen content atmosphere in
which the heater is operating. Doors, hatches, etc.
should be left open for at least a few minutes before
entering to allow proper ventilating. If immediate
entry must be made, self-contained breathing appa-
ratus must be used.

-6-

Since refrigerating devices for cars and trailers
often make use of similar flammable liquids or com-
pressed gases, the same general precautions must
be observed. (See CHARCOAL; GASOLINE; METHANOL;
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ETC.)

CHARCOAL in any form must be stored in clean, dry,
well ventilated locations, segregated from other
material. Charcoal in bags must be stored on skids
or platforms and each tier separated by wooden
strips to provide air circulation. Loose charcoal must
not be allowed to accumulate. Slip-over bags should
be applied to damaged bags in storage. Charcoal
that has become wet is susceptible to spontaneous
ignition and must be used immediately or destroyed
promptly in a safe location; it must not be stored.

CHIMNEY FLUES must be examined, cleaned thor-
oughly, and repaired if necessary, each year before
the heating season begins. (See SMOKESTACKS; STOVE
& SMOKE PIPES)

CLOTHES LOCKERS: See LOCKERS

COATINGS, FIRE RETARDANT: See FIRE BETABD-
ANT PAINTS & COATINGS

CORROSIVE LIQUIDS: See ACIDS & CORROSIVE
LIQUIDS

COTTON: See PACKING MATERIALS AND FIBERS

COTTON IN TRANSIT: When fire is discovered in
a car of cotton in transit, every effort should be made
to move the car to a point where fire fighting appa-
ratus is available. Do not open car doors until fire
apparatus is ready for service. Bales must be un-
loaded immediately upon extinguishment of flames
and separated from each other so as to prevent
rekindled fires from communicating from one bale
to another. Each bale must be carefully examined
for smoldering fire. Bands on burning bales should
not be broken in order to reach smoldering fire.
Bales must not be left unattended until it is posi-
tively determined that there is no likelihood of fire

-7-

rekindling, and fire extinguishing equipment such as
small hose line or water casks and fire pails should
be kept on hand for use by watchmen in event of
further outbreak of fire. All burnt cotton in the ship-
ment must be kept under observation in a safe place
for not less than 10 days before forwarding; billing
must be changed to "Burnt Cotton", and lading
then forwarded as a dangerous commodity. See
General Notice 225 and D.O.T. Regulations for
Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous
Commodities.

CUTTING AND WELDING: The use of cutting and
welding torches, either gas or electric, is prohibited
in grain elevators and other places where dust or
flammable vapors may be present. Tanks or con-
tainers which held flammable liquids must be com-
pletely purged and gas free before cutting or weld-
ing. Extreme care must be taken to prevent ignition
of combustible material; where combustible material
is present, it must be removed to a safe location or
shielded with noncombustible material. Take special
care to ensure that hot metal cannot enter a con-
cealed space. Wet down the immediate area sur-
rounding the material to be cut or welded, both
before and after the work; keep suitable fire ex-
tinguishment equipment readily available.

Care should be used to avoid spraying sparks or
molten slag when cutting; do not point the torch
towards cylinders, hose or combustible material.
Keep cylinders at least 10 ft. away from the work.

Cutting and welding by any method must not be
done in or on loaded freight cars or highway equip-
ment unless it is certain that car, vehicle or lading
will not be ignited. If a car or trailer contains com-
bustible materials and there is any doubt about fire
resulting from sparks or flame, cutting or welding
must not be started without first removing lading to
a safe distance from the work.

Do not use cutting torches when making repairs
to insulated Penn Central or similar foreign cars.

Use of oxy-acetylene torches is prohibited on cars

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or trailers placarded EXPLOSIVES, DANGEROUS, POISON
GAS, FLAMMABLE POISON GAS, DANGEROUS--RADIOACTIVE
MATERIAL, DANGEROUS--EMPTY FLAMMABLE POISON
GAS, DANGEROUS--EMPTY POISON GAS, or CAUTION--
RESIDUAL PHOSPHORUS or containing commodities
requiring labels. This prohibition applies to non-
placarded tank cars unless it is determined that the
contents are not flammable or will not react ad-
versely to heat. It also applies to "Empty" tank
cars, which may contain flammable vapors even
though previous lading was not of flash point below
80° See General Notice 225--Sections 74.594, 74.595
and 74.597.

So far as is practicable, cutting or welding in
buildings or on cars or highway equipment should
not be undertaken later than one hour prior to
change of tricks or work stoppage. A careful check
of all areas must be made before closing time to
detect any smoldering sparks or embers. Where a
watchman is employed or a patrolman is on duty,
he should be advised of locations where torches have
been used, and should make special checks of such
locations as frequently as conditions permit.

Valves on cylinders must be kept closed and lines
cleared when not in use. Regulators, burners and
hose must be stored in the place designated; they
must not be stored in work benches, closets or
lockers used for other purposes. Places designated
for storing must be amply ventilated. Caps must be
replaced on cylinders when regulators and gauges
are not attached. Regulators, valves, hose and burn-
ers must be maintained in excellent condition;
leaking or otherwise defective apparatus must not
be used.

See current departmental instructions. (SEE ACET-
YLENE; CYLINDERS--COMPRESSED GASES OR LIQUIDS;
OXYGEN)

CYLINDERS--COMPRESSED GASES OR LIQ-
UIDS: Many products are shipped and stored under
pressure in cylinders designed and fabricated in

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accordance with recognized codes. Specific instruc-
tions covering certain products are contained in
appropriate sections of this manual.

Cylinders can rupture and rocket with disastrous
consequences if severe fire exposure heats and
softens the metal of the container; care must be
exercised in the handling and storage of all such
containers so as to avoid the exposure to or involve-
ment in fire.

Generally, the following practices must be fol-
lowed:

Valves, fusible plugs, piping, regulating equip-
ment, etc., attached to the cylinder or forming a
part of a fixed system must be maintained in proper
condition and protected from mechanical damage.
The protective hood or cap must be kept properly
attached at all times when the cylinder is not in
actual use.

Cylinders should not be exposed to sources of
heat.

"No Smoking" regulations must be enforced in
storage areas and areas where there may be a con-
centration of vapors.

Storage should be away from buildings and the
cylinders themselves separated according to product.
If storage is permitted inside a building, the quan-
tity stored must be kept to an absolute minimum
consistent with conditions and requirements; storage
must be in a segregated area, well ventilated to the
outside at either the ceiling or floor level, or both,
depending on whether the vapor of the stored
product is lighter or heavier than air.

Cylinders containing acetylene must be kept
upright.

Storage of cylinders containing gases heavier than
air in basement or other locations below grade is
prohibited.

In the event of fire involving a leaking cylinder,
attempts should not be made to extinguish the flame
itself unless the flow of vapor or liquid can be

-10-

stopped. Extinguishment efforts should be directed
toward exposed combustibles and the cooling of
cylinders, including the one that is afire. If the
escaping vapor or liquid is not aflame, personnel
should be evacuated toward the direction from
which the wind is blowing. No attempt should be
made to ignite the escaping product. Possible
sources of igniton should be eliminated, particularly
those in the direction to which the wind is blowing.

DIESEL ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES:
SEE LOCOMOTIVES

DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE FUELING STATIONS:

Spillage from fueling operations is not only wasteful
but is a serious fire hazard; it is important that care
be taken to avoid overflow of tanks and leakage
from nozzles, hoses, piping, etc. Equipment and
nozzles designed to prevent spillage must not be
tampered with; malfunctions should be corrected
only by qualified employees. Concrete drainage mats
and oil separators are recommended to avoid dan-
gerous accumulations of oil. Where concrete mats
have not been provided, oil saturated earth and/or
ballast should be replaced as conditions require; the
use of stone ballast is preferable. Track must be
insulated, bonded and grounded in accordance with
current issue of General Notice 201. Smoking and
use of open flame lights is prohibited in the vicinity.
of fueling stations and signs reading "DANGER, KEEP
LIGHTS AND FIRES AWAY--SMOKING PROHIBITED" must
be conspicuously posted. Lighting and electrical in-
stallations in the area must comply with the current
National Electrical Code. (See FUEL OIL, GAS OR
FLAMMABLE LIQUID PIPING AND DISTRIBUTION SYS-
TEMS)

DRIP PANS: Suitable metal drip pans should be
placed to catch dripping oil and grease under ma-
chinery, bearings, open oil drums, housed track cars
and motor vehicles, and under tank cars at fuel oil
unloading facilities. They should be cleaned out

-11-

frequently and kept free of dirt, rags and rubbish.
Where drip pans are not practical, clean dry sand
or noncombustible absorbent material should be
used; sawdust or similar combustible material must
not be used for this purpose.

DUCTS: See RANGE HOODS & DUCTS ; AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS; BLOWER & EXHAUST SYSTEMS

DUST: Most organic and metallic dusts are highly
flammable. When in suspension and mixed with air
in proper proportions they can explode violently.
Dusts of all kinds must be treated as potentially
hazardous, and dusty operations, such as grain ele-
vators, woodworking shops, etc. require frequent
collection and removal. Dust removal should include
accumulations on ledges, joists, beams, etc., as well
as easily accessible places. Extreme care must be
taken to guard against fire hazards where dust is
present, including use of soft push brooms and non-
ferrous tools for cleaning purposes. Potential sources
of ignition must be eliminated or properly safe-
guarded.

Dust must be removed periodically from air con-
ditioning, hot air heating and ventilating systems.

(See AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS; BLOWER AND EX-
HAUST SYSTEMS)

ELECTRIC EXTENSION CORDS: See EXTENSION
CORDS, ELECTRIC

ELECTRIC FUSES: See FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS
(ELECTRIC)

ELECTRIC HEATING & COOKING APPLI-
ANCES: Portable cooking appliances (hot plates)
must rest on a permanent stand of noncombustible
material such as metal over 1/4 in. asbestos; adjacent
wall surfaces, if combustible, must be protected with
sheet metal over 1/4 in. asbestos, with 1 in. air space
between shield and wall. Portable heaters should be
used only for temporary or emergency use; they
must be placed so as to not expose combustible

-12-

material or be subject to accidental upset. Appli-
ances that require fuse capacity in excess of 15
amperes must be on a separate circuit with adequate
conductors. Conveniently placed permanent recep-
tacles should be provided for portable appliances;
appliance cord should be of approved heater type,
and must be disconnected at receptacle when appli-
ance is not in use.

ELECTRIC LIGHTS OR LAMPS: Fixed or portable
extension lights subject to breakage or likely to come
in contact with combustible material must be
equipped with substantial wire guards. Attachment
of paper or cardboard deflectors to lamps or sockets
is prohibited. In locations where flammable volatile
liquids are stored or used, or elsewhere where flam-
mable vapors or dusts may be present, only those
lighting fixtures approved for use in the particular
hazardous location are permitted. Installation must
conform with the provisions of the National Elec-
trical Code. (See ELECTRIC WIRING, FIXTURES &
APPARATUS)

ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES: See LOCOMOTIVES

ELECTRIC MOTORS, regardless of size or capacity,
must be installed in accordance with the National
Electrical Code and applicable local codes or ordi-
nances. Continuous duty motors, 1 H.P. or over,
must be equipped with automatic overload devices;
motors requiring the use of fuses in excess of 15
amperes must be on a separate circuit with adequate
conductors. Unless motors and control equipment
are of a type especially approved for such locations,
they should not be installed where they will be
exposed to dampness, corrosive vapors or dust.
Proper preventive maintenance on a regular sched-
ule is essential. Motor defects most commonly caus-
ing fire are oily or dusty windings, clogged venti-
lating passages, overloading, hot bearings, sparking
at commutators and slip rings, and loose electrical
connections.

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ELECTRIC WIRING, FIXTURES & APPARATUS
must be installed and maintained only by an autho-
rized electrician and in strict compliance with the
current National Electrical Code or applicable State
or local codes; copies of the National Electrical Code
are obtainable from the Stationery Storekeeper.
Tampering with electrical wiring or equipment by
unauthorized persons is prohibited. Electric wiring
and extension cords must not be supported by nails
or other non-standard hangers. Drop cords where
used must hang direct from outlets; knotting or use
of nails or other means to shorten or change direc-
tion of drop cords is prohibited. (See ELECTRIC
LIGHTS OR LAMPS; EXTENSION CORDS, ELECTRIC)

ETHER is a highly volatile flammable liquid and is
extremely dangerous. Working supply should not
exceed one pint; main supply should be kept to a
minimum level consistent with need, and should be
stored in a cool place away from direct sunlight.
(See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS)

EXITS, EMERGENCY: See FIRE ESCAPES AND EMER-
GENCY EXITS

EXTENSION CORDS, ELECTRIC: Extension cord
must be of the type approved for its particular use,
i.e., waterproof, heater cord, hard service cord, etc.
Cords must be replaced promptly if worn or dam-
aged. (See ELECTRIC WIRING, FIXTURES AND APPA-
RATUS)

FIRE DOORS are in use at many locations where fire
walls separate important shop or warehouse areas.
It is essential that fire doors and all appurtenances
be kept' in good repair. They should be frequently
tested to make certain that they will operate freely
in event of fire. Guides and bearings should be kept
properly lubricated; fusible links must not be
painted or whitewashed. Material should not block
doors to hinder operation; doors must not be wedged
or fastened open, and must be closed at the end of
each day's operation.

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FIRE ESCAPES AND EMERGENCY EXITS must
be kept free of material and readily accessible at all
times. Periodic inspections should be made to ensure
that they are clear and fit for use; any necessary
repairs must be made promptly. Stairways, landings
and hallways leading to exits must be well lighted.
Exits must be indicated by conspicuous signs or,
preferably, red lights; exit lights must be on at all
times when buildings are occupied. Applicable codes
or ordinances respecting size, location, accessibility
and marking of exits must be followed. All doors
must open in the direction of exit travel and must
be equipped only with locks which can be released
from inside without use of keys; panic hardware
should be used where conditions warrant.

FIRE RETARDANT PAINTS & COATINGS: Spe-
cially formulated paints, when applied in accord-
ance with manufacturers' directions, afford some
degree of protection for combustible surfaces against
fire. Only those fire retardant paints specifically ap-
proved by the Vice President—Research and De-
velopment should be used. Cold water paints and
whitewash also possess limited fire retardant quali-
ties. Mastic coatings, made of a binder with a
noncombustible element such as sand or asbestos,
can be used at selected exterior locations such as
bridge decks, etc. See current departmental instruc-
tions.

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS are commonly defined as
those volatile liquids which vaporize readily and
emit flammable vapors. Many hazardous liquids
have flash points (the lowest temperature at which
sufficient vapors are given off to form a flammable
mixture with air) at ordinary room temperatures or
below. The vapors emitted from a flammable liquid
burn; the liquid itself does not burn. Vaporization
increases with rises in temperature, and a flammable
liquid at an elevated temperature is much more haz-
ardous than the same liquid at a lower temperature.

-15-

Examples of common flammable volatile liquids
with Flash Points below 80 °F:

Acetone                        Gasoline

Alcohol                        Lacquer

Amyl Acetate (banana oil)      Methanol

Benzine                        Naphtha

Crude Oil                      Rubber Cement

Ether                          Snow Melting (Hydrocarbon) Oil

(Other flammable liquids with flash points above
80° F and below 200° F include creosote oil, diesel
fuel oil, kerosene, certain paints and varnishes, and
turpentine.)

Extreme care must be used in handling and storage
of flammable volatile liquids. Gasoline or other
flammable volatile liquids must not be used for
cleaning; use of turpentine substitute or less hazar-
dous solvents is permissible.

Flammable liquids, with the exception of gasoline,
may be kept in oil houses or paint storerooms in
quantities not to exceed 100 gallons or 2 drums.
(See GASOLINE) Bungs of such drums must be
equipped with approved flame arresters and pressure
vents. Only self-closing spigots are to be used for
withdrawing the liquid. Supply not exceeding 300
gallons may be stored above ground, but must be a
minimum distance of 50 ft. from important struc-
tures; larger quantities must be at least 100 ft. from
structures but preferably should be stored in an
approved underground tank. Supply for local use
should be restricted to an amount consistent with
daily consumption and kept in approved safety
cans. Flowing flammable liquids generate static
electricity; adequate bonding and grounding of con-
tainers is essential.

Storage enclosures must be well ventilated and
preferably of noncombustible material. Enclosures
and storage areas must be conspicuously posted
with signs reading "DANGER, KEEP LIGHTS AND FIRE
AWAY--SMOKING PROHIBITED."

-16-

The loading, unloading and storage of these liq-
uids in bulk is governed by the current issue of
General Notice 201, "Regulations for Loading and
Unloading Tank Cars Containing Flammable Liq-
uids and Compressed Gases, and for Storage Facili-
ties". Storage of these liquids is also usually subject
to State Laws and local ordinances which must be
complied with. See current issue of General Notice
201. (See ETHER; GASOLINE; LACQUER; METHANOL;
PAINT & VARNISH; SNOW MELTING OIL)

FLAMMABLE SOLIDS AND OXIDIZING MATE-
RIALS: In addition to those commodities classed as
"Explosives", many solid materials and chemical
compounds can cause fires and explosions or con-
tribute to fire severity. Flammable solids can cause
fires through friction, absorption of moisture, spon-
taneous chemical changes, or retained heat from
manufacturing or processing. Some materials may
be ignited readily and burn vigorously and per-
sistently. Oxidizing agents, while they in themselves
may not be flammable, yield oxygen readily and
greatly increase the intensity of burning combusti-
bles. Their use in railroad operations is limited, but
should commodities of this nature (identifiable by
D.O.T. Yellow Label) be encountered, the Mana-
ger, Fire Prevention and Protection should be
consulted regarding handling, storage, etc. (See
CHARCOAL; LIME)

FLOATING EQUIPMENT:  Floating equipment
which is out of service should be laid up as near to
land fire protection facilities as circumstances will
permit, with due consideration given to dispersal to
avoid large conflagration. It should be checked fre-
quently by a watchman or other employees. Doors
and other openings should be secured to discourage
trespassers.

Fire and lifeboat drills must be held regularly as
prescribed by law, and not less than monthly for
each crew on tugs and steam lighters; defective or
missing equipment must be reported and necessary

-17-

repair or replacement made promptly. Fire combat
equipment other than extinguishers; i.e., hoses, mon-
itors, nozzles, pumps, etc., on those tugs so equipped
must be tested at least once monthly, weather con-
ditions permitting.

Dumping of ashes and refuse from boats in har-
bor, except at authorized locations, is prohibited.
Fires in stoves on barges to be left unattended must
be completely extinguished before leaving. Com-
bustible refuse, oil drippage, etc., must be kept
cleaned up at all times. "Hot" repairs must not be
made on oil-fueled equipment until properly cleaned
and proven gas-free. Care must be taken to control
emission of sparks from stacks, particularly when
near shore property.

Smoking while lying on bunks or while on grain
barges, floating elevators, tugboats, around float
bridges and piers, or at any other unauthorized
place is prohibited. This rule must be rigidly en-
forced.

FLUES: See CHIMNEY FLUES; SMOKESTACKS; STOVE &
SMOKEPIPES

FORGES AND FURNACES (BLACKSMITH) must
have metal hoods or shields and flues, kept in good
repair, to carry off sparks and heat. Woodwork
within 4 ft. must be protected by asbestos-backed
sheet metal or not less than 1/4 in. asbestos board,
supported to provide an air space of at least 1 inch.
Portable furnaces must be of the nonpressure type
and kept free of oil drippings.

FORKLIFTS: See TRACTORS, FORK LIFT TRUCKS, ETC.

FREIGHT HANDLING EQUIPMENT: See TRAC-
TORS, FORK LIFT TRUCKS, ETC.

FUEL OIL, GAS OR FLAMMABLE LIQUID PIP-
ING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: Fires or
explosions in piping systems are usually the result
of accidental escape of liquid or gas caused by some
fault in operation, maintenance or design. The fol-
lowing general rules must be observed. Distribution

-18-

lines must be protected by substantial guards where
exposed to damage from moving apparatus, heavy
material, etc. Lines entering buildings must be pro-
vided with readily accessible automatic or manual
valves near points of entry to permit quick shutdown
in event of line breakage or other emergency. Above-
ground pipe lines must be grounded electrically and
substantially supported against stresses from settle-
ment, vibration, expansion and contraction. Above-
ground piping should be color coded or otherwise
made readily identifiable. All piping, whether above
or below ground, must be adequately protected
against external corrosion. Grass and other vege-
tation must be cleared from aboveground piping for
at least 4 ft. on either side of pipe. Long runs of
underground mains should be located by adequate
aboveground markers. Pipe line crossings under
tracks or roadways must be installed in accordance
with approved standards.

FURNACES: See FORGES AND FURNACES; HEATING;
STOVES, HEATING

FUSEES AND TORPEDOES. The counter supply
(open) must be limited to one original container;
otherwise, supply must be kept in either a metal
container or a metal-lined wood container, equipped
with self-closing lid. Container must not be used for
storage of any other material. Supply must be kept
in a dry place, away from steam pipes or other
sources of heat. Local supply (unopened) may not
exceed 5 cartons at any one time unless stored in a
vault or separate dry, well ventilated building so
situated as to not expose important structures. Ap-
plicable State Laws and local ordinances must be
followed.

Small supplies of fusees and torpedoes carried by
trainmen or kept in stations, towers, yard buildings,
etc., for flagging purposes must be properly safe-
guarded and kept in standard containers provided
for the purpose. They must not be left in clothing or
stored in lockers, desks, etc. Broken, wet or oily

-19-

fusees and broken or defective torpedoes must not
be carried, and must be returned for disposal. Such
fusees must be destroyed by burning; torpedoes must
be destroyed by immersing in water.

Fusees and torpedoes must not be used for any
unauthorized purpose. Fusees must not be ignited
on any wooden bridge or trestle decks, or near frame
structures or other combustibles, or in the vicinity
of areas where fuel oil or flammable liquids are
handled or stored, unless absolutely necessary to
prevent train accident. Torpedoes must not be
placed at stations, public crossings or other places
where persons may be injured by them.

FUSES OR CIRCUIT BREAKERS (ELECTRIC)
having a capacity in excess of the rated current
capacity of the smallest conductor in the circuit
must not be used. Fuses of the refillable type are
prohibited; cartridge enclosed and plug type fuses
of the one-time type only are permitted; "jumping"
or "bridging" is prohibited. When a fuse or circuit
breaker is blown or tripped, the cause should be
determined and eliminated before service is restored;
if cause cannot be located, an authorized electrician
should be called. Only approved equipment should
be used.

GASOLINE: The flash point of gasoline is -45° F.
For all practical purposes vapors are thus being
emitted constantly, sufficient to form a flammable
mixture with air igniting at about 700 °F. Since a
lighted cigarette at the surface of the burning to-
bacco has a temperature of about 800° F, the fire and
explosion hazard involved in handling gasoline is
obvious.

Gasoline in larger than one drum (50 gal.) quanti-
ties generally must be stored in approved under-
ground tanks and dispensed using only approved
equipment. The use of portable or skid type tanks
is permissible for gasoline storage only on a tem-
porary basis when conditions warrant--never as a
substitute for a permanent installation. Gasoline
must never be stored in any building unless it is for

-20-

local use. Local supply should be limited to an
amount consistent with daily consumption and kept
in approved safety cans.
Gasoline must not be used for cleaning purposes.
(See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS)

GASOLINE LIGHTS are prohibited.

GRASS AND WEEDS: Premises adjacent to all rail-
road structures and stored lumber, ties and other
combustibles must be kept clear of dry grass, weeds
or combustible refuse. Grass and underbrush of
excessive growth should be cut for a distance of not
less than 20 ft. from exposed property. Cut material
should be piled at a safe location and disposed of
promptly.

Burning of grass and weeds along the right-of-way
should be done only when wind conditions are favor-
able; where a highway parallels the track burning
should only be done when wind will not carry smoke
across the highway, obscuring drivers' vision. All
fires should be constantly supervised, and all fires
and smoldering masses completely extinguished be-
fore leaving the area. In certain areas, permits for
burning may be required; they should be obtained
before any fires are started. (See WEED BUBNERS AND
WEED KILLEBS)

HEATERS, CABIN CAR: See CABIN CAR HEATERS

HEATING: Steam, hot water and hot air furnaces
must be set on noncombustible floor construction, at
least 24 in. from unprotected wood or wood-and-
plaster partitions or walls; woodwork, partitions or
combustibles within this distance of heaters must be
protected with asbestos-backed metal shield of not
less than 1/4 in. asbestos, with at least a 1 in. air
space between shield and woodwork. Woodwork ex-
posed by ducts from hot air heaters within 6 ft. of
heater shall have a 6 in. clearance from duct or be
protected as above. Horizontal ducts beyond 6 ft.
shall have 1 in. or more clearance from combustible
material.

-21-

Heaters with damaged firebox, improperly fitting
or missing doors, or other hazardous defects must
be removed from service until properly repaired.
(See STOVES, HEATING; STEAM AND HOT WATER PIPES)

HOODS: See RANGE HOODS AND DUCTS

HOT JOURNALS: When a car is set out of a train
on account of a hot journal and the sponging, pads
or lubricating devices are smoldering or on fire, the
crew must make a careful inspection of the underside
of the flooring to determine that it has not been
ignited and must extinguish all fire before proceed-
ing with the train.

The use of sand or dirt for extinguishing fires in
journal boxes is prohibited. When water or a fire
extinguisher is not available, the sponging or pads.
must be pulled from the journal box and the fire
extinguished on the ground. Journal box lid should
be left open to facilitate cooling.

HYDROGEN is a highly flammable gas, extremely
light in density at ordinary temperatures. Hydrogen
cylinders must be handled and stored with the same
care as required for cylinders of other compressed
gases or liquids. (See CYLINDERS--COMPRESSED GASES
OR LIQUIDS)

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SHIP-
PING LABELS: Many articles of commerce pos-
sess dangerous characteristics that must be regulated
during transportation in order to prevent personal
injury, loss of life and damage to property. Rail-
road freight cars, motor vehicles, trailers, vans,
tank trucks, packages, cylinders, etc. have been
marked or placarded in accordance with D.O.T.
regulations and proper precautions must be taken.
Employes shou'ld become familiar with all markings
and placards.
(See Current Issue of General Notice 225, Penn
Central Hazardous Materials Regulations for com-
plete details)

-22-

INCINERATORS (PORTABLE) must be kept in
good condition to prevent escape of sparks or em-
bers; they should be located as far as possible, but
in no case less than 25 ft., from buildings, rolling
equipment, material storage, etc. (See RUBBISH AND
SWEEPINGS)

INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS: See TRACTORS, FORK LIFT
TRUCKS, ETC.

LACQUER is a volatile flammable liquid, with a low
flash point. Lacquering, whether done by spraying,
hand brushing or dipping, is a hazardous process.
Open flames or lights must be kept at least 25 ft.
from work. Spray booths or enclosures must be
types approved by the Manager, Fire Prevention
and Protection. (See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS)

LAMPS: See ELECTRIC LIGHTS OR LAMPS; GASOLINE
LAMPS

LANTERNS AND OPEN FLAME LIGHTS: Use of
open flame torches or lanterns for illumination in
buildings or box cars, etc., is prohibited. Where oil
lamps or other open flame lights are permitted for
illumination, they must be secured to prevent falling
or upsetting. Removing filling cap while lantern or
torch is burning is prohibited; when filling the font,
leave a space of not less than 1/2 in. at top. Shaking
torch to extinguish flame is prohibited.

LIFEBOAT DRILLS: See FLOATING EQUIPMENT

LIGHTNING: Tall isolated structures such as smoke-
stacks, flag poles, water tanks, etc., should be pro-
vided with protection against lightning. All-steel
tanks or stacks should be adequately grounded;
structures not entirely of metal construction should
be protected by approved lightning rod systems.
Lead-in conductors from outdoor radio or tele-
vision antennas must be equipped with lightning
arresters, located outside building at point of entry
of the lead-in. Metal masts, guy wires, etc., used to
support antennas should be permanently grounded.

-23-

LIME (UNSLAKED) (quick-lime, caustic lime, cal-
cium oxide), while not combustible of itself, devel-
ops extreme heat on contact with water or moisture.
It should be stored in a separate watertight building,
preferably of noncombustible construction. Un-
slaked lime should be loaded only into weather-tight
cars, and must not be loaded if heated.

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES: The most com-
mon liquefied petroleum gases are propane and
butane; many commercial trade names are used.
Although liquefied petroleum gases are transported
and stored as liquids, they are gases at normal
pressures and temperatures, and remain in the
liquid state only under suitable pressure. They are
heavier than air and will remain in low places
longer than most other flammable gases. In the
gaseous state, their hazard is similar to that of
natural or manufactured gas; in the liquid state the
hazard is somewhat greater than for gasoline be-
cause of the pressure at which they are stored. At
70° F, pressure of butane is 31 lbs. per sq. in.; of
propane 124 lbs. per sq. in.
General rules covering storage of cylinders apply
to storage of liquefied petroleum gas containers.
Storage of containers, loaded or empty, should be
restricted to outside locations wherever possible. If
necessary to keep containers in an enclosed space,
ample ventilation at floor level must be provided.
Under no circumstances shall containers be kept in
basements or other locations below grade. If storage
inside a building cannot be avoided, total gas capac-
ity of loaded and empty containers shall not exceed
either 375 pounds or 45 gallons water capacity
(marked on containers). "No Smoking" regulations
must be rigidly enforced.

The Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection
should be consulted concerning any proposed use of
liquefied petroleum gases. See current issue of Gen-
eral Notice 201 for handling and storage of bulk
lots. (See CYLINDERS--COMPRESSED GASES OR LIQUIDS)

-24-

LOCKERS for clothing must be used for that purpose
only. Storage of waste, lanterns, open torches, oil
cans, fusees, torpedoes and non-essential clothing in
lockers is prohibited. Where new lockers are pro-
vided, they should be of metal, well ventilated, and
with sloping top to prevent accumulation of dust
and trash. Use of wooden lockers is to be avoided,
but where in use, adequate ventilation is essential.
Lockers should be inspected and cleaned periodic-
ally as conditions require,

LOCOMOTIVES both diesel and electric, have certain
inherent fire hazards and sound fire prevention prac-
tices in their use are a necessity.

Continuous preventive maintenance is essential to
avoid leaky or blown gaskets; defective oil pumps or
lines; exhaust sparks; defective electrical controls,
relays or circuit breakers; short circuited wiring,
battery cables, generators or motors; overloaded
wiring or motors; etc. Equally as important in the
prevention of fires in locomotives are good house-
keeping practices and cleanliness. This involves the
constant removal of oily and other combustible
deposits from within and the underside of the units.
Waste and cleaning rags must be properly disposed
of and not left lying around.

It is the responsibility of all employees working on
or around locomotives to thoroughly familiarize
themselves in the operation of the portable and fixed
fire extinguishing equipment provided. See SECTION
II. (See DIESEL FUELING STATIONS)

LUMBER AND TIES: Once established, a fire in
stacked lumber is one of the most formidable con-
fronting fire fighters. Lumber storage sites must be
selected with close attention to fire protection facil-
ities and exposures to other properties. Whenever
practicable, lumber must be stored at least 100 ft.
from the nearest building or other structure, and
must not be placed where it will endanger tele-
phone, signal or power lines. For small storage areas

-25-

not exceeding 5 stacks, the storage area and for not
less than 6 ft. beyond in all directions must be kept
clear of rubbish and vegetation; for larger storage
yards, the cleared area will require greater distance,
up to 50 feet.

Normal height of piles should not be more than 20
ft., with a break of at least 50 ft. provided every 200
ft. for each row of piles. If lumber is piled more
than one row deep, provide 25 ft. breaks between
every 2 or 3 rows. These are general requirements;
if more and larger breaks between piles and rows
are possible, they should be made.

In the absence of other adequate fire protection,
water barrels with fire pails shall be placed every
100 feet. (See WATER BARRELS, SECTION II.)

Refueling of gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas
powered material handling equipment in lumber
storage yards is prohibited; equipment must be re-
fueled, and must be stored when not in use, at least
50 ft. from stored materials. Equipment must not be
left unattended while running. Smoking or use of
open flame lights, etc., in lumber storage areas_is
prohibited. Treated and untreated lumber and ties
should be stored in separate areas.

MATCHES: Use of matches of other than the "strike
on box" or "book" safety types should be discour-
aged. Matches should be stored in a cool, dry place;
keeping matches (other than working matches in
trainmen's kits) in the same compartment as fuses
and torpedoes is prohibited.

METHANOL (Methyl Alcohol or Wood Alcohol) is
a light, volatile flammable liquid with a flash point
of 52° F. and is poisonous. Serious injury can result
from swallowing, inhalation of vapor, or spilling on
the skin. It involves a serious fire and explosion
hazard, requiring caution in handling. Its vapor is
heavier than air, making it essential that any area
in which methanol is being handled be adequately
ventilated at floor level. (See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS;
CAB HEATERS)

-26-

NAPHTHA: See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

OXIDIZING MATERIALS: See FLAMMABLE SOLIDS
& OXIDIZING MATERIALS

OXYGEN is a colorless, odorless gas slightly heavier
than air. It is neither combustible nor explosive, but
the intensity of any ordinary fire increases as the
supply of oxygen increases. Greases and oils, for
example, burn in an atmosphere of oxygen with
explosive violence.

Oxygen cylinders require the same care in handl-
ing as do other compressed gas cylinders. Under
no circumstances will oil or grease be used on or
around regulators, gauges and other fittings. Cylin-
ders should be stored in cool, well ventilated sheds,
remote from other structures and flammable mate-
rial. Only when absolutely necessary should cylin-
ders of oxygen be stored in the same compartment
with cylinders of flammable gases, and under such
circumstances, an open space of at least 10 ft. must
separate the oxygen and other gases.

Fixed piping for shop distribution must be pro-
tected by substantial guards where exposed to me-
chanical injury, and must be adequately supported
and maintained. Such piping should be painted
green. (See CUTTING AND WELDING; CYLINDERS--COM-
PRESSED GASES OR LIQUIDS; FUEL OIL, GAS OR FLAM-
MABLE LIQUID PIPING & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS)

PACKING MATERIALS AND FIBERS: Large
quantities of binder twine, cotton, wool, jute, oakum,
kapok, straw, hay, excelsior and other combustible
fibers should be stored in detached warehouses or
cut-off rooms, preferably of fire-resistive construc-
tion and sprinklered. Broken bales and loose materi-
al should be collected frequently and bagged or
stored in containers. Electric lighting should be
equipped with dust proof globes and wire guards.
Smoking and use of open flame devices is pro-
hibited in storage rooms. Use of gasoline or liquefied
petroleum gas powered tractors in storage rooms or
adjacent platforms is prohibited.

-27-

PAINT AND VARNISH: Main supply of paints,
varnishes, lacquers and other flammable finishing
materials should be stored in a separate structure,
preferably of noncombustible material, not closer
than 25 ft. from important facilities, or in an espe-
cially provided room separated by standard fire
walls. Working supply should be restricted to not
more than one week's requirements; if kept in shops
or rooms where other operations are going on, paint
and varnish must be stored in suitable metal or
metal-lined lockers and bins with self-closing doors
or lids. Lockers or bins should be kept free from
waste, wipers, drippings and empty or unused cans.
Paint and varnish shall be kept in metal containers
and lids replaced when not in use. (See FLAMMABLE
LIQUIDS; WASTE AND RAGS)

PAINT DIPPING, SPRAYING: Dipping processes
using open tanks of oil, lacquer, paint or other fin-
ishing material should be done in well ventilated
rooms, separated from other occupancies preferably
by standard fire walls, and free of flame and spark
producing devices. Smoking is prohibited. Dip tanks
should be equipped with tight fitting, self-closing
covers held open by fusible links exposed to under-
side of covers.

Large scale paint spraying operations should be
provided with forced draft ventilation capable of
clearing vapors from all sections. Lighting and heat-
ing in paint shops must be in accordance with
National Electrical and other Code requirements;
portable extension lights are prohibited. Spray
booths for small operations may be installed in
rooms used for other purposes provided there is no
exposure from flame or spark producing devices.
Booths must be of suitable design, constructed of
noncombustible material and equipped with explo-
sion-proof ventilating fan exhausting direct to out-
side atmosphere.

PLANING MILLS. See DUST; SHAVING COLLECTOR
SYSTEMS

-28-

PROPANE GAS: See LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

RAGS: See WASTE AND RAGS

RANGE HOODS AND DUCTS: Cooking ranges
used in restaurants and similar facilities must be
provided with metal grease hoods and ventilating
ducts to carry off smoke and gases. Hoods must be
at least range size in width and not more than 7 ft.
above the floors; ducts shall connect to independent
flues venting to the outside. Hoods, vents, filters and
exhaust fans must be inspected regularly and
cleaned of accumulated grease and dirt. Ducts
should be protected by self-closing dampers held
open by fusible links.

RECORDS must be stored in an orderly manner in
file cabinets, cupboards or on shelves, preferably of
noncombustible construction. Smoking in record
rooms is prohibited. Use of portable extension lights
and drop cords should be discouraged; where these
must be used, lamps should be protected with wire
guards. Record rooms should be checked periodically
and all unneeded files, etc., removed.

REPORTING FIRES: All fires involving or endanger-
ing Railroad property, or allegedly originating on
Railroad property and communicating to property
of others, must be reported promptly to Region or
Division headquarters. As promptly as is practi-
cable thereafter, fire damage will be reported in
writing to the Insurance Department on form I.D. 7.
In event damage is likely to exceed $5,000., tele-
phone or telegraph report must be made to the
Insurance Department immediately.

RUBBISH AND SWEEPINGS: Paper, shavings,
sawdust, sweepings and other combustible trash
must not be allowed to accumulate in and around
buildings; they must be placed in metal receptacles
provided for that purpose and safely disposed of
daily. Waste or rags saturated with oil, paint, kero-
sene, turpentine or linseed oil are particularly hazar-

-29-

dous since they are subject to spontaneous ignition,
and must be disposed of promptly. Metal receptacles
provided for accumulation of rubbish and trash prior
to disposal should be equipped with self-closing lids.
Where rubbish is disposed of by burning, metal
incinerators must be used; rubbish must not be
burned in stoves. (See INCINERATORS)

RUBBISH CARS should be of all-steel construction
and placed so as to not expose structures; wherever
possible, they should be removed from the vicinity
of structures at night and weekends. Ashes, oily
rags, waste, discarded wet charcoal and other mate-
rial subject to spontaneous ignition must not be put
in rubbish cars. After loading, rubbish cars should
be moved to dumps and unloaded promptly. Ground
around rubbish cars should be kept free of debris;
care should be taken not to overfill cars.

SALAMANDER: See WARMING FIRES

SAWDUST AND SHAVINGS: Small quantities of
sawdust and shavings for packing material, etc.,
should be stored in metal-lined containers, equipped
with lids, closed when not in use. Use of sawdust for
absorption of spilled oil or flammable liquids on
floors, etc., is prohibited; sand, fuller's earth or other
noncombustible materials must be used for this
purpose.

SHAVING COLLECTOR SYSTEMS must be blown
out to remove all sawdust, shavings, etc., from con-
veyor pipes after woodworking machines have been
shut down. Where shavings are discharged into a
freight car, the delivery pipe must be removed at
the close of the day's work and the car doors closed,
and, where practicable, the car should be moved a
safe distance from any structure. Only tight box cars
should be used for this purpose.

Shavings, sawdust, etc., in planing mills and
woodworking shops not equipped with collector
systems must be removed from buildings at the close
of work each day.

-30-

SMOKESTACKS: Metal smokestacks must be of
substantial construction, adequately supported and
properly maintained. A minimum clearance of two
and one-half stack diameters should be provided
between combustible materials or construction and
a low-heat stack (not over 600° F). Greater clear-
ances are required for medium (600° F to 1,500° F)
and high (over 1,500° F) heat stacks.

Where metal smokestacks pass through a com-
bustible roof, a metal ventilating thimble extending
from at least 9 in. below the underside of the ceiling
or roof beams to at least 9 in. above the roof must
be provided between the roof and stack. The thimble
should provide at least 6 in. clearance from a low-
heat stack and 18 in. clearance from a medium or
high-heat stack. In addition, high-heat stacks should
be lined with fire brick.

Low-heat stacks should be extended at least 2 ft.
above the highest point of the roof; other stacks
must extend at least 3 ft. above the highest point
of any roof within 25 ft. thereof. (See CHIMNEY
FLUES; STOVE & SMOKEPIPES)

SMOKING: The fire hazard from smoking is caused
solely by carelessness in handling and disposal of
lighted matches and smoking material. Smoking is
prohibited in the following locations:

Battery rooms                       Lumber storage yards
Computer machine rooms              Record rooms and vaults
Woodworking shops                   Waste paper collection and
Storehouses                         baling rooms
Storage or manifold areas           Grain elevators
for compressed gases or             Flammable liquid
liquids in cylinders                storage points
Piers and float bridges             Diesel oil storage and
Warehouses                          unloading facilities
Sleeping quarters of bunkhouses     On tugs, grain barges,
or dormitories                      floating elevators
Oil houses                          Engine rooms of diesel
Paint shops                         locomotives

and any other structures or areas where flammable
vapors or excessive dust may be present.

-31-

"NO SMOKING" signs must be conspicuously posted
about the above areas both inside and outside build-
ings, and the rule rigidly enforced; employees should
bring this rule to the attention of visitors to re-
stricted locations.

Within shops and other buildings listed above,
certain approved places segregated from more haz-
ardous areas may be designated as smoking areas.
Smoking must be done only within these areas;
lighted smoking material must not be carried from
the approved area, and all matches and smoking
material must be extinguished and deposited in
receptacles provided for the purpose before em-
ployees leave.

SNOW MELTING (HYDROCARBON) OIL drums
must be placed not less than 50 ft. from any build-
ing, and must not be stored under trestles, overhead
bridges or communications or power lines. Drums
in use must be moved a safe distance from other
stored drums. (See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS)

STEAM AND HOT WATER PIPES: Low pressure
steam and hot water pipes must be securely sup-
ported with a clearance of at least 1 in. from all
combustible material; where passing through com-
bustible partitions, walls or floors, pipe must be
protected by metal sleeve allowing Va in. air space
between inside of sleeve and pipe. Openings in par-
titions, walls and floors around pipes must be cov-
ered with close fitting metal shields or collars. In
locations such as record rooms or storerooms where
exposed pipes may come in contact with combustible
material, pipe must be covered with at least 1 in.
of noncombustible insulating material. Steam and
hot water pipes must not be used as racks for drying
clothing and other combustible material.

High pressure steam lines must be wrapped with
noncombustible insulation; where lines pass through
combustible partitions, walls and floors, insulation
must be carried in a single piece through the open-

-32-

ing, with a clearance of at least 1 in. between insu-
lation and combustible material.

STEAM AND HOT WATER RADIATORS: Low
pressure steam and hot water radiators must be at
least 1 in. from combustible walls and partitions.
Papers, files, clothing and other combustible mate-
rial must not be placed on or in contact with radia-
tors. Particular care should be taken to keep material
from under and behind radiators

STOVE & SMOKEPIPES must be securely fastened
and supported. They should be as short as possible
and the connection to the chimney must be tight.
A minimum clearance of 18 in. should be provided
between combustible materials or construction and
pipes 6 to 8 in. diameter. For other sizes use clear-
ance of two and one-half pipe diameters. Where
absolutely necessary, pipes may be placed to within
9 in. of wood walls, partitions, etc. provided a shield
made up of sheet metal or 1/4 in. asbestos board with
at least 1 in. air space between the shield and any
combustible material is installed. Pipes should not
pass through closets, attics or other concealed spaces
and where passing through combustible walls, par-
titions, ceilings, etc. a metal ventilating thimble
providing a clearance of two and one-half pipe dia-
meters must be installed.

Stove and smokepipes must be carefully examined,
cleaned and repaired where necessary. Flue holes
when not in use must be closed with tight fitting
metal covers. (See SMOKESTACKS; CHIMNEY FLUES;
STOVES, HEATING)

STOVES, HEATING: Unless protected by proper
shielding, coal and wood stoves must be set at least
3 ft. from wood or wood lath and plaster walls, or
other combustible materials. Protective shielding
must be of sheet metal, asbestos-backed, or 1/4 in.
asbestos board supported so as to provide at least
1 in. of air space between shield and exposed wood-
work, open top and bottom, bottom to be at least
2 in. above floor to provide air circulation. Where

-33-

shielding is required, stoves should be not less than
18 in. from exposed woodwork. Wherever practic-
able, stoves should be located to avoid long runs of
stove pipe.

Combustible floor under coal and wood stoves
equipped with ash pans and trays or with legs pro-
viding at least 4 in. of air space underneath shall be
covered with a sheet metal mat extending beyond
stove at least 18 in. in front and 12 in. from sides
and rear. Use of flammable liquids or fusees for
starting fires in coal or wood stoves is prohibited.

Only approved gas or oil burning stoves are
permitted.

Gas stoves, space heaters, domestic hot water
heaters, etc. where mounted on combustible floors
must be protected by metal mat underneath. Only
rigid metal piping and connections to supply lines
are to be used. Gas burning appliances should be
used only with the type fuel for which designed.
Carry-off or vent pipes to the outside must be
provided.

Stationary oil burning stoves must be installed in
accordance with manufacturers' instructions; if same
are not available, spacing requirements above for
coal and wood stoves must be followed. Stoves must
be securely set, preferably by securing them to floor;
they should be so located that they will not be sub-
ject to contact with moving objects. Only oil speci-
fied by label on stove should be used. Stoves pro-
vided with flue outlets must be vented to adequate
chimneys or to outside. (See STOVE & SMOKEPIPES;
CHIMNEY FLUES)

Gasoline stoves are prohibited.

Portable oil burning stoves (those not secured
and which can be moved from one location to
another) are prohibited except in emergencies.

After stoves have been idle and before they are
returned to service, they must be carefully examined,
cleaned and repaired where necessary. Proper care
and maintenance of stoves during the heating season
is particularly important. Any deficiencies must be
reported immediately for correction.

-34-

THAWING PRACTICES: The use of open flame
torches, blow torches, fusees, burning waste, etc. for
thawing out frozen pipes in or around buildings,
rolling stock, or combustible material of any kind is
prohibited; steam, hot water or approved electrical
devices must be used under competent supervision.

TORCHES: See LANTERNS AND OPEN FLAME LIGHTS

TORPEDOES: See FUSEES AND TORPEDOES

TRACTORS, FORK LIFT TRUCKS, ETC.: Use of
industrial trucks and tractors with internal com-
bustion engines is prohibited in locations where
flammable vapors or excessive dust are present.
Good maintenance is of utmost importance in re-
ducing the likelihood of fire; equipment must not be
used if there is fuel leakage, defective electrical
equipment or faulty exhaust system. Refueling must
be done outside buildings from an approved storage
supply or from safety cans. Refueling when engine
is running is prohibited; to avoid spillage, tanks
should not be filled completely. "Protectoseal" fit-
tings in good repair must be used on gasoline fill
pipe openings Equipment must not be stored or
repaired on piers, in warehouses, freight stations
and similar facilities without prior approval from
the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection as to
fire safety.

TRESPASSERS: Every year, considerable damage
by fire to railroad structures and rolling stock is
caused by unauthorized persons on the premises.
It is the duty of every employee to prevent this
damage and have all persons behaving suspiciously
removed from the premises; where justified, railroad
or municipal police should be summoned.

Further actions which should be taken to protect
the property: Where feasible, all unattended build-
ings should be locked. Unoccupied buildings should
be cleaned of refuse, light and power disconnected,
doors and windows locked and boarded up if neces-
sary. Doors of unattended passengers cars and work

-35-

equipment should be locked. Doors of empty box
cars should be closed and latched.

TRESTLES: See BRIDGES, TRESTLES, ETC.

TURPENTINE: See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

TURPENTINE SUBSTITUTE:
See FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

VARNISH: See PAINT AND VARNISH

VARNISH REMOVER: Only those compounds and
brands which are non-flammable and non-explosive
may be used.

WARMING FIRES: Use of salamanders or other
unapproved temporary devices for warming purposes
inside buildings or in hazardous areas is prohibited.

WASTE PAPER--COLLECTION AND BALING:

Combustible receptacles, unless lined with metal,
must not be used for waste paper. Where large
amounts of waste paper are handled, metal or metal-
lined receptacles with self-closing covers should be
used. Bags and other light-weight containers may
be used for collection of waste paper provided they
are promptly emptied into storage bins or removed
from building. At paper baling facilities, bales must
be removed frequently to keep number on hand to
a minimum. Oily rags and similar materials must be
removed before baling to eliminate danger of spon-
taneous ignition. Smoking in waste paper collection
and baling rooms is prohibited.

WASTE AND RAGS that have become saturated with
oil, grease, paint, etc., are easily ignited and will
ignite spontaneously under certain conditions. They
must be deposited in a metal receptacle with self-
closing lid, which must be emptied at the close of
each day's work. Working supplies of clean waste
should be stored in metal or metal-lined receptacles
with hinged covers.

-36-

WEED BURNERS AND WEED KILLERS: Control
of weeds and vegetation on railroad property and
along the right of way is usually accomplished by
burning or by spraying of chemical solutions. Burn-
ing must be carefully controlled and supervised;
means for extinguishment of fire must be on hand at
all times and available for instant use. Some weed
killing chemical solutions contain chlorate com-
pounds, particularly sodium chlorate. These com-
pounds are powerful oxidizing agents, readily re-
leasing oxygen and greatly increasing the fire hazard
when in contact with combustible materials. Clothing
which has been saturated with these solutions is an
extreme personal injury hazard and should be
changed immediately. Employees working on weed
spraying cars should familiarize themselves with the
nature of the spray solution being used. During hot
periods, many fires in dry grass and weeds have
resulted from the use of chlorate solutions. Areas
which have been sprayed should be watched care-
fully, at least until the first following rain. (See
FLAMMABLE SOLIDS & OXIDIZING MATERIALS)

WOODWORKING SHOPS: See DUST; SHAVING COL-
LECTION SYSTEMS

-37-








                   SECTION II


              FIRE PROTECTION





-38-

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS must be
maintained in operating condition at all times. They
must be inspected periodically and an adequate
testing program followed. Should it become neces-
sary to shut down a system for more than several
hours, the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection
should be notified promptly by telegraph or tele-
phone, stating cause and length of time to be out
of service. Interested Municipal Fire Departments
should also be advised.

Local personnel should be familiar with the loca-
tion and operation of sprinkler system equipment,
particularly valves. Any contemplated structural
change in a sprinklered building must be reported to
the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection.
Clearance above high-piled stock to sprinkler heads
should not be less than 3 ft. to permit proper dis-
tribution of water. Sprinkler heads must not be
painted or whitewashed. Those parts of sprinkler
systems which contain water must be protected
from freezing. Attaching connections to automatic
sprinkler systems for any purpose is prohibited.

In event of operation as the result of fire, the
sprinkler system must not be shut down until a
direct order is given by the Company or Municipal
Fire Department officer in command of the forces
combating the fire.

FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS are a vital part of any fire
protection system and must be maintained in oper-
ating condition. Designated personnel should test
the system at least once a week, and examine and
operate each fire alarm box at least monthly. A
record of these tests should be kept. Any defects
found must be repaired immediately. Where fire
alarm boxes are not readily visible, red electric
lights shall be used to indicate location. Lists of
alarm stations should be conspicuously posted. Any
contemplated changes in alarm systems should be
reported to the Manager, Fire Prevention and
Protection.

-39-

Locations of City fire alarm boxes on or near
Company property must be known by all employees
and must be promptly utilized to summon the City
Fire Department in event of a fire emergency.

Telephones can also be used to summon assistance
in event of difficulty. Emergency telephone numbers
of Municipal Fire Departments should be conspicu-
ously posted.

Automatic Fire Detection Systems embodying the
rate-of-rise and/or predetermined (fixed) tem-
perature principles are utilized at certain locations
and are independent of the human element in de-
tecting fire and transmitting alarms. These systems
must be examined frequently and tested as required.

FIRE BRIGADES are the means by which the value
of the Company's fire extinguishing equipment is
realized and are an extremely important part of any
fire protection program. Even where public assist-
ance is close at hand, a well trained brigade can
render a valuable service pending arrival of outside
aid.

Fire brigades must be organized wherever condi-
tions warrant and permit. Members must be care-
fully selected, properly instructed and drilled in the
use of the available fire extinguishing equipment.
Drills must be held monthly unless more frequent
drills are warranted and a record of these drills
kept. In cases where more than one shift is operating,
a brigade must be formed and drilled on each shift.

Each fire brigade shall be under the supervision
of a carefully selected Chief who will drill and
instruct the brigade.

FIRE DRILLS: See FIRE BRIGADES; FLOATING EQUIP-
MENT, SECTION I

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS (Portable) are hand-
operated fire-fighting devices designed to control or
extinguish small fires. Extinguishers of the proper
type and in sufficient number to cope with the
anticipated kind of fire should be provided and

-40-

properly located so as to permit prompt use. They
must be maintained as required. Employees should
familiarize themselves with the location and opera-
tion of these units. Generally, when using an ex-
tinguisher, direct nozzle at base of fire, moving it
from side to side. Use of an extinguisher must be
reported promptly to the proper person so that it
can be serviced immediately.

Various types are described below, each being
effective on certain kinds of fires:

Soda Acid: These extinguishers are effective on
fires involving free-burning material, i.e., paper,
wood, cloth, etc. They must not be used on electrical
apparatus fires.

Soda-acid type extinguishers must be discharged
and recharged once a year, at which time the date
of recharge must be recorded on tag attached to the
extinguishers. These extinguishers must not be ex-
posed to freezing temperatures.

To operate: Carry extinguisher by the top handle
to the fire. When 10 to 20 ft. from the fire, take the
hose in one hand, turn the extinguisher upside down,
and direct the stream at the base of the fire.

Air Pressurized (Plain Water or Anti-Freeze Solu-
tion): These extinguishers are effective on fires
involving free-burning materials, i.e., paper, wood,
cloth, etc. They must not be used on electrical appa-
ratus fires.

Annual recharge is not required; recharging is
necessary only after use. Periodic checks should be
made to see that the units are full and pressurized.
They must be completely inspected annually; the
pressure shown on the gauge and date of inspection
must be recorded on tags attached to extinguishers.

These extinguishers, if filled with plain water, are
subject to freezing and must be placed only in heated
areas; if unheated areas are to be protected, units
filled with anti-freeze solution must be used. Those
units containing plain water must be so identified by
affixing "PROTECT FROM FREEZING" tags which are
available from the Stationery Storekeeper.

-41-

To operate: Carry extinguisher by carrying han-
dle to the fire. When 10 to 20 ft. from the fire, pull
pin, take the hose in one hand, squeeze grip, and
direct the stream at the base of the fire.

Foam: These extinguishers are particularly effec-
tive on fires involving flammable liquids, greases,
etc. They may also be used on fires involving free-
burning material. They must not be used on electri-
cal apparatus fires.

Foam type extinguishers must be discharged and
recharged once a year, at which time the date of
recharge must be recorded on tag attached to the
extinguishers. These extinguishers must not be ex-
posed to freezing temperatures.

To operate: Carry extinguisher by the top handle
to the fire. When 10 to 20 ft. from the fire take the
hose in one hand and turn the extinguisher upside
down. Direct stream in such a manner so as to per-
mit the foam to blanket the burning surface.

Carbon Tetrachloride: These extinguishers are for
use on fires in electrical equipment. They may also
be used on fires involving flammable liquids, greases,
etc. They must only be used in locations with ample
ventilation and where the operator has ready access
to free atmosphere.

They require no recharging unless used, but must
be kept filled and inspected periodically to insure
proper working condition. Protection from freezing
is not required.

To operate: Take extinguisher in one hand, grasp
handle with other hand, turning handle around to
unlock it; pull on handle, and pump, directing the
stream at the base of the fire.

Because of the toxic properties of the extinguish-
ing agent, the use of carbon tetrachloride extinguish-
ers should be discouraged. As replacements are
required, other type units should be procured.

Carbon Dioxide: These extinguishers are particu-
larly effective on fires involving electrical apparatus.
They may also be used on flammable liquid fires.

-42-

They are installed in electric locomotives, diesel
locomotives and certain building areas.

These extinguishers do not require annual recharg-
ing but must be checked periodically to determine
that they are fully charged. This is done by weigh-
ing. Extinguishers in buildings must be weighed
annually and those on locomotives quarterly, with
record of weighing entered on tags attached to the
extinguishers. This rule also applies to stationary
cylinders of fire extinguishing systems in buildings
and on locomotives. Cylinders showing a loss of 10%
or more of the rated gas capacity stamped thereon
must be recharged. It is important that wire seals
on portable extinguishers are intact; if not, extin-
guishers must be weighed and new seals applied.

Cylinders, both fixed and portable, installed in
rolling equipment must be forwarded to Altoona
Works every five years for hydrostatic test.

These extinguishers will not freeze. They should
be kept out of direct rays of the sun and away from
other sources of excessive heat.

To operate portable units: Carry extinguisher by
carrying handle to the fire. When in fire area, pull
pin, take the horn in one hand, squeeze grip, and
direct the discharge at the base of the fire, moving
discharge horn from side to side.

Applicable operating and maintenance instructions
must be known and followed by those employees
concerned with fixed CO2 extinguishing systems
installed in locomotives and buildings.

Dry Chemical: These extinguishers are particu-
larly effective on fires involving flammable liquids,
greases, etc. They can also be used on fires involving
electrical equipment. There are two types of dry
chemical extinguishers in use, the cartridge-operated
type and the pressurized type.

These extinguishers do not require annual recharg-
ing but must be checked periodically to determine
that they are fully charged. Depending on the type,
this is done by visual inspection, weighing and
checking pressure; those installed in buildings must

-43-

be checked annually and those on locomotives quar-
terly, with record made on tags attached to the
extinguishers. In the case of cartridge-operated
extinguishers, the level of the dry chemical charge
is checked visually, and the cartridge weighed to
determine whether it is fully charged. In the case
of pressurized extinguishers, weighing indicates
whether the extinguisher is fully charged with dry
chemical and examination of the pressure gauge
indicates whether or not the extinguisher is properly
pressurized.

These extinguishers will not freeze. They should
not be located where exposed to excessive heat.

To operate: As there are different kinds of dry
chemical extinguishers in service, operating instruc-
tions on the units should be followed and employees
should familiarize themselves with the particular
units in their work area.

FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT AND AP-
PARATUS must always be maintained in service-
able condition, properly located and kept free from
obstructions. Use of this equipment for other than
fire purposes is prohibited. Signs, markers or red
electric lamps to designate its location should be
posted or installed where conditions warrant. After
using, fire apparatus must be immediately examined,
cleaned, recharged, repaired if necessary, and re-
turned to its proper place. (See REQUISITIONS)

FIRE HOSE: Use of fire hose and accessories for
purposes other than fire fighting and fire drills is
prohibited. Access to fire hose must be kept unob-
structed at all times.

Rubber lined fire hose must be provided for out-
side use and should also be used inside buildings
where conditions warrant. This hose should be pres-
sure tested annually in accordance with the follow-
ing: (1) Where subjected to stationary fire pump
pressures, test pressure shall be 150 lbs. (2) Hose
used on mobile pumping engines must be tested to
250 lbs. pressure unless higher pressures are used, in

-44-

which case the test pressure should be not less than
ten percent (10%) in excess of working pressure
(3) Where hose is not subject to pump pressure,
static line pressure tests are sufficient, using a closed
nozzle. After test or use at fires, drills, etc., hose
must be cleaned by washing and brushing, hung in
a suitable place to drain and dry, and then returned
to its proper place. It is desirable to avoid exposing
this type hose to excessively hot, dry air.

Unlined linen hose is generally provided for use
in office buildings and stations. Wetting tends to
damage unlined linen hose; it must never be wet
except during fire service or test. This type hose
must be carefully examined once a year and cleaned
of dust, etc. To prevent damage from permanent set,
hose must be rearranged annually. This hose should
be tested only if there is visual evidence of deteriora-
tion, and then it should be tested to 10% in excess
of the pressure to which it will be subjected in
actual use. After wetting, the hose must be thor-
oughly dried to prevent deterioration.

FIRE HOSE COUPLINGS must be interchangeable
with couplings used by the nearest Municipal Fire
Department, or a sufficient number of suitable
adapters provided. Careful handling of fire hose is
a necessity if damage to the coupling thread is to
be avoided. Couplings must be inspected periodi-
cally; when defects are found immediate repair or
replacement must be made. They must not be oiled,
as contact with oil is likely to result in damage to
hose.

FIRE HOSE HOUSES, HOSE BOXES, ETC. must
be properly maintained and kept adequately stocked.
They must be kept clean and amply ventilated to
prevent dry rot of fire hose. Their use for storage
of other than fire equipment is prohibited and they
shall be kept accessible at all times. They should be
clearly marked "FIRE HOSE".

FIRE HYDRANTS must be carefully examined,
tested and lubricated at least twice a year, prefera-

-45-

biy in the spring and fall. When testing a fire hy-
drant, open the valve wide to make sure that the
waterway is not obstructed, that the drain valve has
closed, and that the pressure is normal. The valve
should then be closed and check made that the hy-
drant has drained properly. This can be done by:

(1) dropping a weighted cord into the barrel; (2)
"sounding" or striking the hand over one of the open
outlets (water or ice in the barrel shortens the length
of the "organ tube" and raises the pitch of the
sound); or (3) checking the suction which should
be felt at the outlets immediately after the valve is
closed if the drain is working properly.

Fire hydrants must be examined frequently dur-
ing the winter to determine that they are free of
water or ice. They must not be used during winter
months except in event of fire.

Thread on outlets must be the same as that used
by the nearest municipality; if not, adapters must be
provided. Hydrants are easily damaged; use of other
than hydrant wrenches to open them is prohibited.
Where hydrants are subject to mechanical injury
adequate protective barricades must be provided.

Access to hydrants must be maintained unob-
structed at all times. Hydrant areas must be kept
free of high vegetation during warm weather and
ice and snow during winter months.

FIRE MARSHAL (sic) must be familiar with all phases of
fire prevention and protection. Among the duties of
the fire marshal are: periodic inspections of the
property, arranging for prompt correction of de-
ficiencies noted; maintenance of and improvement
in fire protection equipment; knowledge of all exist-
ing facilities -and operations in his area and any
contemplated changes which might result in addi-
tional hazards; formation, drill and instruction of
fire brigades where conditions warrant; instruction
and education of all employees in pertinent matters;
co-ordination of Company and Municipal fire pre-
vention and protection activities; investigation of
fires as soon as practicable after their occurrence

-46-

and the subsequent preparation of the required
reports to superior officers.

FIRE PAILS (Water) should be of galvanized iron
with round bottoms, of a capacity not less than
twelve quarts, painted bright red outside and sten-
cilled in black "FOR FIRE ONLY". Where contents are
likely to freeze, calcium chloride or salt, thoroughly
dissolved in the water in the proportion of 3 pounds
to each gallon of water, will lower the freezing point
to about 0° F.

FIRE PUMPS: Before installalion, the Manager,
Fire Prevention and Protection should be consulted
regarding the required pump capacity, operating
pressure, and installation details to meet local con-
ditions. Once installed, any contemplated changes
must be referred to the Manager, Fire Prevention
and Protection for review.

Fire pumps must be maintained in good repair
and subjected to an operating test at least once
weekly. Defects must be reported promptly and
repairs made immediately. Personnel trained in the
operation of the fire pumps must be available at all
times.

FOAM SYSTEMS: Selected large flammable liquid
storage tanks and associated facilities are protected
by foam systems. Proposed new installations and
contemplated changes to existing foam systems must
be referred to the Manager, Fire Prevention and
Protection for review.

Selected employees must be trained and assigned
the responsibility of operating and maintaining this
equipment. Periodic inspections and tests must be
made, with frequency of same dependent upon local
conditions. Checks must be made of the water sup-
ply, strainers, piping, valves, foam making devices,
pumps, foam chemicals and containers, hydrants
and hose installations. It is imperative that the
entire system be thoroughly flushed after use. Only
the foam compound for which a specific system was
designed should be used in that system.

-47-

HOSE CART AND EQUIPMENT shall be provided
where conditions warrant. They must at all times be
well-maintained and fully equipped, including noz-
zles, hydrant wrenches, spanners, extra gaskets, etc.
The quantity of hose carried will depend on local
requirements. Hose carts should be conveniently
located for free access and adequately protected
from the weather. (See FIRE HOSE)

LIFEBOAT DRILLS: See FLOATING EQUIPMENT, Sec-
tion I

NOZZLES must be checked periodically to insure
their proper operation. Nozzles with defective
threads, bent or broken tips, missing gaskets or
other defects must be repaired or replaced immedi-
ately. Defective nozzles impair the reach and
effectiveness of the fire stream and must not be used.
Generally, straight stream nozzles are utilized.
Specific application of fog and combination straight
stream and fog nozzles will be made where condi-
tions warrant.

REQUISITIONS for fire equipment will be forwarded
through the Material Management Department to
the Manager, Fire Prevention and Protection for
approval and determination that the material or-
dered is suitable for the hazard to be protected.

SAND PAILS are to be kept filled with clean, dry
sand and should be installed where oil supplies or
acids are handled or stored.

WATCHMAN'S CLOCKS must be kept in good re-
pair. Dials shall be removed as required, checked
for irregularities in service, and kept available for
examination. Dials need not be kept longer than
one year unless of special significance. The date
each dial is used and cause of any irregularity must
be noted on back.

WATCHMEN must be trustworthy and able-bodied,
with unimpaired eyesight, hearing and sense of
smell. They must know the location and how to
operate fire alarm boxes and fire extinguishing appa-

-48-

ratus. They must report to a designated superior
any condition which might prevent or interfere with
the operation of the fire apparatus. Other conditions
relative to fire hazards must also be reported. The
first tour of the premises should be made immedi-
ately after the close of the day's work. It is the duty
of watchmen to see that doors and windows are
closed and lights and fires are extinguished or left
in a safe condition. Watchmen must summon assist-
ance immediately upon discovery of fire and then
attempt to extinguish the fire. It is the duty of
watchmen to direct fire fighters to the scene of the
fire. Watchmen must remain on duty until properly
relieved. Where watchman service is not central
station supervised, the watchman should be made to
report at scheduled intervals to some office regularly
attended to insure that he is well and on duty.

WATER BARRELS must be kept filled, with two fire
pails provided for each barrel. Painting the barrels
or casks or applying a coat of asphaltum, especially
on inside, will prolong service.

Calcium chloride or salt, thoroughly mixed in the
following proportions, will lower the freezing point
of water as shown:

Pounds per Gallon                Freezing Point -- Deg. F.
   of water               Calcium Chloride             Salt

  2.5                        10                        0
  3.0                         0                       -3
  3.5                       -10
  4.0                       -17

WATER MAINS (Fire Protection): Proposed new
installations of water mains for fire protection and
contemplated changes to existing systems must be
referred to the Manager, Fire Prevention and Pro-
tection for review.

Detailed up-to-date plans of these systems should
be maintained. Selected employees should be kept
informed, particularly as to valve locations, so there
will be no delay in event of emergency.

Any defects in fire mains must be immediately
corrected.

-49-